Non-Breaking Undular Hydraulic Jump

The discusser performed a large number of experiments on undular hydraulic jumps (CHANSON 1993, 1995a). Most results were reported in CHANSON and MONTES (1995) and CHANSON (1995b, 1995c). The discusser wishes to stress several aspects of undular jump flows and he will show that the work of REINAUER and HAGER did not bring really new information

Effect of Boundary-Layer Development on the Water-Surface Fluctuations of Supercritical Flow below a Sluice Gate

Hydraulic structures with a sluice gate are commonly used for control of the flow. In supercritical flow below a sluice gate, an accurate estimation of the water depth and boundary layer thickness is important for the hydraulic design of a horizontal apron. The relation between water-surface fluctuations and boundary-layer development has not been clarified. The aim of this paper is to experimentally demonstrate the effect of boundary-layer development on water-surface fluctuations of supercritical flow below a sluice gate. It is shown that water surface begins to fluctuate slightly upstream of the critical point. The water-surface fluctuations and turbulence intensities downstream of the critical point are also obtained, which demonstrates the length required for the water-surface fluctuations and turbulence intensity distributions to nearly equal uniform open-channel flow

Flow resistance in skimming flow: a critical review

During very large rainfall events, dams and weirs must be equipped with adequate flood release facilities for a safe dissipation of the kinetic energy of the flow. With stepped spillway design, it is essential to predict accurately the flow resistance associated with the steps. The authors investigate the flow resistance of skimming flows and associated form losses. New experiments were performed with channel slopes ranging from 5.7 degrees up to 55 degrees. The results provide a better understanding of the basic flow patterns and flow resistance mechanisms. They emphasise that form loss is dominant. Altogether more than 35 model studies and 4 prototype investigations (totalising more than 650 data) are re-analysed

Pharmacokinetic and exposure-response analysis of pertuzumab in patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer

Purpose: To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of pertuzumab and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer in the randomized, double-blind, phase III JACOB study (NCT01774786), and to evaluate the appropriateness of the pertuzumab regimen in these patients. Methods: Patients received 840 mg intravenous pertuzumab or placebo plus trastuzumab q3w and chemotherapy. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab were administered until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Chemotherapy was administered for up to six cycles or disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Serum concentrations of pertuzumab and trastuzumab were measured. Pertuzumab PK was characterized across treatment cycles. The impact of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) on pertuzumab PK and the impact of pertuzumab on trastuzumab PK were assessed. An exploratory exposure-efficacy analysis was also conducted. Results: In total, 374 patients in the pertuzumab arm had evaluable PK data. The mean observed pertuzumab steady-state serum trough (minimum) concentration (C) ± standard deviation was 114 ± 51.8 μg/mL. The target pertuzumab C of ≥ 20 μg/mL was reached in 99.3% of patients at Cycle 5 (steady state) and beyond. Greater than 90% of patients were above the PK target right after the first pertuzumab dose. There was no apparent impact of ADAs on pertuzumab PK nor of pertuzumab on trastuzumab PK. There were no differences in overall survival across Cycle 1 pertuzumab (C) or Cycle 5 pertuzumab (C) exposure quartiles. Conclusions: Pertuzumab exposure in JACOB was consistent with prior studies in advanced gastric cancer and breast cancer. The 840 mg q3w dose allowed the majority of patients in JACOB to achieve target pertuzumab concentrations and appears to be an appropriate dose selectio

Hydraulics of skimming flows on stepped chutes: The effects of inflow conditions?

Modern stepped spillways are typically designed for large discharge capacities corresponding to a skimming flow regime for which flow resistance is predominantly form drag. The writer demonstrates that the inflow conditions have some effect on the skimming flow properties. Boundary layer calculations show that the flow properties at inception of free-surface aeration are substantially different with pressurized intake. The re-analysis of experimental results highlights that the equivalent Darcy friction factor is f similar to 0.2 in average on uncontrolled stepped Chute and f similar to 0.1 on stepped chute with pressurized intake. A simple design chart is presented to estimate the residual flow velocity, and the agreement of the calculations with experimental results is deemed satisfactory for preliminary design

Physical Modelling of the Flow Field in an Undular Tidal Bore

A tidal bore may form in a converging channel with a funnel shape when the tidal range exceeds 6-9 m. The advancing surge has a major impact on the estuarine ecosystem. Physical modelling of an undular bore has been conducted based upon a quasi-steady flow analogy. The experimental data highlight rapid flow redistributions between successive wave troughs and crests as well as large bottom shear stress variations. The results suggest a sediment transport process combining scour beneath wave troughs associated with upward matter dispersion between a trough and the following wave crest. The process is repeated at each trough and significant sediment transport takes place with deposition in upstream intertidal zones. The conceptual model is supported by field observations showing murky waters after the bore passage and long-lasting chaotic waves

An open, multi-centre, phase II clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel, UFT, and leucovorin in patients with advanced gastric cancer

The aim of the study was to evaluate the response rate and safety of weekly paclitaxel (Taxol®) combination chemotherapy with UFT (tegafur, an oral 5-fluorouracil prodrug, and uracil at a 1 : 4 molar ratio) and leucovorin (LV) in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Patients with histologically confirmed, locally advanced or recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer were studied. Paclitaxel 1-h infusion at a dose of 100 mg m−2 on days 1 and 8 and oral UFT 300 mg m−2 day−1 plus LV 90 mg day−1 were given starting from day 1 for 14 days, followed by a 7-day period without treatment. Treatment was repeated every 21 days. From February 2003 to October 2004, 55 patients were enrolled. The median age was 62 years (range: 32–82). Among the 48 patients evaluated for tumour response, two achieved a complete response and 22 a partial response, with an overall response rate of 50% (95% confidence interval: 35–65%). All 55 patients were evaluated for survival and toxicities. Median time to progression and overall survival were 4.4 and 9.8 months, respectively. Major grade 3–4 toxicities were neutropenia in 25 patients (45%) and diarrhoea in eight patients (15%). Although treatment was discontinued owing to treatment-related toxicities in nine patients (16%), there was no treatment-related mortality. Weekly paclitaxel plus oral UFT/LV is effective, convenient, and well tolerated in treating patients with advanced gastric cancer