Using multi-frequency electrical conductivity measurement to determine the selective salinity in a two-component salt solution

Received: January 12th, 2023 ; Accepted: April 27th, 2023 ; Published: July 19th, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] technologies can help farmers produce safe, sustainable, high-quality food while contributing to the fight against effects of abiotic and edaphic factors. Due to digitalization, a paradigm shift occurred in agriculture, which boosted sensor technology's rapid development, especially soil sensors. Using sensors and the digital knowledge of soil properties, farmers can better understand the needs of the fields and cultivated plants on a micro-scale, thereby saving resources and putting less strain on our environment. The relative salinity of our soils is an important aspect because of the impact on production costs and yield. The future of site-specific crop production is moving towards a sensor-based on-the-go measurement approach because obtaining important soil characteristics quickly and cheaply is still one of the biggest challenges in precision agriculture today. Measuring soil electrical conductivity (EC) could offer an opportunity to overcome these limitations if the different salt components of soil could be separated by analytical methods. In our study, we present a calibration model based on conductometry with which the selective potassium and calcium content can be determined in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Solutions containing K+ and Ca2+ cations in the concentration determined in the experimental model were mixed and measured by changing the frequency of the measuring current. In this study, measurements proved that a mathematical relationship can be used to describe the relationship between the composition and concentration of the two-component solution, the measurement frequency and the conductivity. The potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) content of the solution can be separated from each other, and a regression calibration curve can be recorded, from which the proportion of potassium and calcium in the given solution can be determined as a function

Synergy of robotics and ICT in the smart farming

There are many concept and technology to robotize in agriculture. The robotization has an intensive synergy with artificial intelligence (AI), information and communication technology (ICT) and sensor technology (ST). These technologies drive into the 4th revolution industry. The industrial processes help the automatization in agriculture. The demand for food products are growing, the working force getting old, these impacts forces the robot applications. This article introduce the robots in the agriculture, and the Szent István University current research on the fields

Modelling of operator’s focusing scheme along working hours: harvesting operation

ArticleIn consistent with the growing research activities regarding the Farm 4.0 concept, it is valuable to consider each possible chance of enhancement which is expected to contribute positively to the productivity and the safety of planned operations. Human centred design concept is becoming essential for the multitasking vehicles market, which promotes the research experiments aiming to understand the human behaviour inside the vehicle cabins to proceed with upgrading the design, planning and production procedures based on validated inputs leading to introducing reliable solutions for more productive and safety conduct of operations. The accurate and deep analysis of the operator behaviour inside the cabin will lead to a better understanding for the problems and issues need to be resolved in new designs in addition to providing the production planning (i.e. manpower planning and working shift period) with the necessary data to ensure achieving the maximum efficiency and effectiveness. In this research, the operator’s glance behaviour inside the tractor cabin is studied during the harvesting operation to develop a model for the change of operator's focusing scheme along working hours

Operator’s behaviour measuring methodology inside off-road vehicle cabin, operator’s focusing scheme

ArticleOperator’s workplace design takes a priority to be developed in order to reach the highest possible level of Quality, Safety and productivity. Continual improvement of the workplace is yield from studies carried out on different approaches, each approach shall keep into consideration many aspects, in this research; the results will be used for feeding the productivity aspects with valuable and reliable input data using relatively simple engineering solutions. This research is made based on literature of the accumulated knowledge from diverse fields in which different studies and analysis are made to provide the necessary input for Human Centred Design process, adopting the-state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies used for data collection and analysis for Human behaviour inside the dedicated workplace. Better understanding of the operator’s Gaze in addition to the change according to the mental and physical workloads inside the tractor cabin will lead to optimal designs for higher productivity operation

On the error term in Weyl's law for the Heisenberg manifolds (II)

In this paper we study the mean square of the error term in the Weyl's law of an irrational $(2l+1)$-dimensional Heisenberg manifold . An asymptotic formula is established

30 years of collaboration

We highlight some of the most important cornerstones of the long standing and very fruitful collaboration of the Austrian Diophantine Number Theory research group and the Number Theory and Cryptography School of Debrecen. However, we do not plan to be complete in any sense but give some interesting data and selected results that we find particularly nice. At the end we focus on two topics in more details, namely a problem that origins from a conjecture of Rényi and Erdős (on the number of terms of the square of a polynomial) and another one that origins from a question of Zelinsky (on the unit sum number problem). This paper evolved from a plenary invited talk that the authors gaveat the Joint Austrian-Hungarian Mathematical Conference 2015, August 25-27, 2015 in Győr (Hungary)

Acute escitalopram treatment inhibits REM sleep rebound and activation of MCH-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus after long term selective REM sleep deprivation.

RATIONALE: Selective rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) deprivation using the platform-on-water ("flower pot") method causes sleep rebound with increased REMS, decreased REMS latency, and activation of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) expressing neurons in the hypothalamus. MCH is implicated in the pathomechanism of depression regarding its influence on mood, feeding behavior, and REMS. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of the most selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram on sleep rebound following REMS deprivation and, in parallel, on the activation of MCH-containing neurons. METHODS: Escitalopram or vehicle (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered to REMS-deprived (72 h) or home cage male Wistar rats. During the 3-h-long "rebound sleep", electroencephalography was recorded, followed by an MCH/Fos double immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: During REMS rebound, the time spent in REMS and the number of MCH/Fos double-labeled neurons in the lateral hypothalamus increased markedly, and REMS latency showed a significant decrease. All these effects of REMS deprivation were significantly attenuated by escitalopram treatment. Besides the REMS-suppressing effects, escitalopram caused an increase in amount of and decrease in latency of slow wave sleep during the rebound. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that despite the high REMS pressure caused by REMS deprivation procedure, escitalopram has the ability to suppress REMS rebound, as well as to diminish the activation of MCH-containing neurons, in parallel. Escitalopram caused a shift from REMS to slow wave sleep during the rebound. Furthermore, these data point to the potential connection between the serotonergic system and MCH in sleep regulation, which can be relevant in depression and in other mood disorders

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 as a Potential New Element of Sleep Regulation in Rats.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Millions suffer from sleep disorders that often accompany severe illnesses such as major depression; a leading psychiatric disorder characterized by appetite and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) abnormalities. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and nesfatin-1/NUCB2 (nesfatin) are strongly co - expressed in the hypothalamus and are involved both in food intake regulation and depression. Since MCH was recognized earlier as a hypnogenic factor, we analyzed the potential role of nesfatin on vigilance. DESIGN: We subjected rats to a 72 h-long REMS deprivation using the classic flower pot method, followed by a 3 h-long 'rebound sleep'. Nesfatin mRNA and protein expressions as well as neuronal activity (Fos) were measured by quantitative in situ hybridization technique, ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 'deprived' and 'rebound' groups, relative to controls sacrificed at the same time. We also analyzed electroencephalogram of rats treated by intracerebroventricularly administered nesfatin-1, or saline. RESULTS: REMS deprivation downregulated the expression of nesfatin (mRNA and protein), however, enhanced REMS during 'rebound' reversed this to control levels. Additionally, increased transcriptional activity (Fos) was demonstrated in nesfatin neurons during 'rebound'. Centrally administered nesfatin-1 at light on reduced REMS and intermediate stage of sleep, while increased passive wake for several hours and also caused a short-term increase in light slow wave sleep. CONCLUSIONS: The data designate nesfatin as a potential new factor in sleep regulation, which fact can also be relevant in the better understanding of the role of nesfatin in the pathomechanism of depression