Silmän etuosan uveiittien komplikaatiot aikuisväestössä Pohjois-Suomessa 2008–2017

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimukseni käsittelee anteriorista uveiittia eli silmän etuosan silmänsisäistä tulehdusta. Anterioriseen uveiittiin liittyy tulehdusmuutoksia värikalvolla, etukammiossa ja/tai sädekehässä. Tutkimus on retrospektiivinen tutkimus, jossa tavoitteena oli tutkia silmän etuosan uveiittien lisäsairauksia ja näön heikentymistä aikuisväestössä. Aineistoon valittiin potilaat Oulun yliopistollisen sairaalan Esko-potilastietojärjestelmästä ICD-10 tautiluokitusjärjestelmän diagnoosien H20.0 (Akuutti, puoliakuutti tai uusiutuva iriitti) ja H20.1 (Pitkäaikainen värikalvon ja sädekehän tulehdus) perusteella aikaväliltä 1.1.2008–31.12.2017. Kyseisenä aikana seurannassa oli aikuispotilaita yhteensä 2089, joista syventävien opintojen tutkielmaan valittiin 300 potilaan otos satunnaisesti. Otoksen potilaskertomuksia löytyi Esko-potilastietojärjestelmästä vuodesta 1998 lähtien ja potilaiden tietoja kerättiin koko heidän uveiittisairaushistorian ajalta. Tulokset analysoitiin SPSS-ohjelmalla. Anatomisen luokittelun mukaan iriittejä sairastavia potilaita oli 225 (75 %). Iridosykliittiä sairasti 19 potilasta (6 %). 56 (19 %) potilaan kohdalla selkeää luokittelua joko iriittiä tai iridosykliittiä sairastavien ryhmään ei voitu tehdä. Potilaista 172 (57 %) oli naisia ja 128 (43 %) miehiä. Ensimmäisen kerran sairastuessaan anterioriseen uveiittiin potilaiden iän keskiarvo oli 46,4 ± 17,8. Akuuttia anteriorista uveiittia sairasti 55 potilasta (18 %), uusiutuvaa eli rekurrenttia uveiittia 61 potilasta (20 %) ja kroonista uveiittia 184 potilasta (61 %). Yksi tai useampi uveiitin lisäsairaus oli 199 potilaalla (66 %) ja 101 potilaalla (34 %) ei ollut lisäsairautta. Kaihia esiintyi 178 potilaalla (59 %), glaukoomaa 94 potilaalla (31 %), makulaturvotusta 48 potilaalla (16 %), papillaturvotusta 17 potilaalla (6 %), bandkeratopatiaa 16 potilaalla (5 %) ja lasiaisen irtaumaa 13 potilaalla (4 %). Riskitekijät lisäsairauksille olivat krooninen taudin kesto (OR=4,6) ja ikä (OR=1,027 yhtä ikävuotta kohden). 71 % (n=142) lisäsairauksista hoidettiin operatiivisesti. Anteriorisessa uveiitissa on lukuisia lisäsairauksia, jotka monet heikentävät näköä. Riskitekijöitä näön heikentymiseen ovat lisäsairauksien lisäksi niistä aiheutuvat leikkaukset. 45 potilaalla (15 %) toisen tai molempien silmien visukset olivat alle 0,05 tutkimusjakson viimeisellä käynnillä. Vähintään toisen silmän sokeudelle riskitekijöitä olivat ikä (OR=1,021 yhtä ikävuotta kohden), krooninen taudin kesto (OR=4,1), kaikki silmään kohdistuneet leikkaukset (OR=11,8), kaihileikkaus (OR=10,2), glaukoomaleikkaus (OR=4,1), sarveiskalvon siirto (OR=39,1), kaihi (OR=19,1), glaukooma (OR=7,7), bandkeratopatia (OR=8,9) ja kortisoniresponderius (OR=3,0)

How Well Does AdS/QCD Describe QCD?

AdS/QCD is an extra-dimensional approach to modeling hadronic physics, motivated by the AdS/CFT correspondence in string theory. AdS/QCD models are often more accurate than would have been expected at energies below a few GeV. We address the question of why these models are so successful, and respond to some of the criticisms that have been waged against these models.Comment: To appear in proceedings of Crossing the Boundaries: Gauge Dynamics at Strong Coupling (Shifmania), Minnesota, May 14-17, 2009. 12 pages, 2 eps figure

Distinguishing among Technicolor/Warped Scenarios in Dileptons

Models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking usually include new spin-1 resonances, whose couplings and masses have to satisfy electroweak precision tests. We propose to use dilepton searches to probe the underlying structure responsible for satisfying these. Using the invariant mass spectrum and charge asymmetry, we can determine the number, parity, and isospin of these resonances. We pick three models of strong/warped symmetry breaking, and show that each model produces specific features that reflect this underlying structure of electroweak symmetry breaking and cancellations.Comment: Added missing referenc

Anomaly-matching and Higgs-less effective theories

We reconsider the low-energy effective theory for Higgs-less electroweak symmetry breaking: we study the anomaly-matching in the situation where all Goldstone fields disappear from the spectrum as a result of the Higgs mechanism. We find that the global SU(2)_L x SU(2)_R x U(1)_{B-L} symmetry of the underlying theory, which is spontaneously broken to SU(2)_{L+R} x U(1)_{B-L} has to be anomaly-free. For the sake of generality, we include the possibility of light spin-1/2 bound states resulting from the dynamics of the strongly-interacting symmetry-breaking sector, in addition to the Goldstone bosons. Such composite fermions may have non-standard couplings at the leading order, and an arbitrary total B-L charge. In order to perform the anomaly-matching in that case, we generalize the construction of the Wess-Zumino effective lagrangian. Composite fermions beyond the three known generations are theoretically allowed, and there are no restrictions from the anomaly-matching on their couplings nor on their U(1)_{B-L} charge. Absence of global anomalies for the composite sector as a whole does not preclude anomalous triple gauge boson couplings arising from composite fermion triangular diagrams. On the other hand, the trace of B-L over elementary fermions must vanish if all Goldstone modes are to disappear from the spectrum.Comment: Keywords: Anomalies in Field and String Theories, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, Beyond the Standard Model, Chiral Lagrangians. 33 pages, 7 figure

Interpolating between low and high energy QCD via a 5D Yang-Mills model

We describe the Goldstone bosons of massless QCD together with an infinite number of spin-1 mesons. The field content of the model is SU(Nf)xSU(Nf) Yang-Mills in a compact extra-dimension. Electroweak interactions reside on one brane. Breaking of chiral symmetry occurs due to the boundary conditions on the other brane, away from our world, and is therefore spontaneous. Our implementation of the holographic recipe maintains chiral symmetry explicit throughout. For intermediate energies, we extract resonance couplings. These satisfy sum rules due to the 5D nature of the model. These sum rules imply, when taking the high energy limit, that perturbative QCD constraints are satisfied. We also illustrate how the 5D model implies a definite prescription for handling infinite sums over 4D resonances. Taking the low energy limit, we recover the chiral expansion and the corresponding non-local order parameters. All local order parameters are introduced separately.Comment: Corresponds to published version, with some typos correcte

Deconstructing Non-Abelian Gauge Theories at One Loop

Deconstruction of 5D Yang-Mills gauge theories is studied in next-to-leading order accuracy. We calculate one-loop corrections to the mass spectrum of the non-linear gauged sigma-model, which is the low energy effective theory of the deconstructed theory. Renormalization is carried out following the standard procedure of effective field theories. The relation between the radius of the compactified fifth dimension and the symmetry breaking scale of the non-linear sigma-model is modified by radiative corrections. We demonstrate that one can match the low lying spectrum of the gauge boson masses of the effective 4D gauged non-linear sigma-model to the Kaluza-Klein modes of the 5D theory at one-loop accuracy

Linear square-mass trajectories of radially and orbitally excited hadrons in holographic QCD

We consider a new approach towards constructing approximate holographic duals of QCD from experimental hadron properties. This framework allows us to derive a gravity dual which reproduces the empirically found linear square-mass trajectories of universal slope for radially and orbitally excited hadrons. Conformal symmetry breaking in the bulk is exclusively due to infrared deformations of the anti-de Sitter metric and governed by one free mass scale proportional to Lambda_QCD. The resulting background geometry exhibits dual signatures of confinement and provides the first examples of holographically generated linear trajectories in the baryon sector. The predictions for the light hadron spectrum include new relations between trajectory slopes and ground state masses and are in good overall agreement with experiment.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures, updated to the extended version published in JHEP, vector meson bulk potential and metric corrected, comments and references added, phenomenology and conclusions unchange

Open string modes at brane intersections

We study systematically the open string modes of a general class of BPS intersections of branes. We work in the approximation in which one of the branes is considered as a probe embedded in the near-horizon geometry generated by the other type of branes. We mostly concentrate on the D3-D5 and D3-D3 intersections, which are dual to defect theories with a massive hypermultiplet confined to the defect. In these cases we are able to obtain analytical expressions for the fluctuation modes of the probe and to compute the corresponding mass spectra of the dual operators in closed form. Other BPS intersections are also studied and their fluctuation modes and spectra are found numerically.Comment: 58 pages, 3 figures, LaTeX;v2: typos correcte

Universal contributions to scalar masses from five dimensional supergravity

We compute the effective Kahler potential for matter fields in warped compactifications, starting from five dimensional gauged supergravity, as a function of the matter fields localization. We show that truncation to zero modes is inconsistent and the tree-level exchange of the massive gravitational multiplet is needed for consistency of the four-dimensional theory. In addition to the standard Kahler coming from dimensional reduction, we find the quartic correction coming from integrating out the gravity multiplet. We apply our result to the computation of scalar masses, by assuming that the SUSY breaking field is a bulk hypermultiplet. In the limit of extreme opposite localization of the matter and the spurion fields, we find zero scalar masses, consistent with sequestering arguments. Surprisingly enough, for all the other cases the scalar masses are tachyonic. This suggests the holographic interpretation that a CFT sector always generates operators contributing in a tachyonic way to scalar masses. Viability of warped su- persymmetric compactifications necessarily asks then for additional contributions. We discuss the case of additional bulk vector multiplets with mixed boundary conditions, which is a partic- ularly simple and attractive way to generate large positive scalar masses. We show that in this case successful fermion mass matrices implies highly degenerate scalar masses for the first two generations of squarks and sleptons.Comment: 23 pages. v2: References added, new section on effect of additional bulk vector multiplets and phenomenolog

One-Loop Calculation of the Oblique S Parameter in Higgsless Electroweak Models

We present a one-loop calculation of the oblique S parameter within Higgsless models of electroweak symmetry breaking and analyze the phenomenological implications of the available electroweak precision data. We use the most general effective Lagrangian with at most two derivatives, implementing the chiral symmetry breaking SU(2)_L x SU(2)_R -> SU(2)_{L+R} with Goldstones, gauge bosons and one multiplet of vector and axial-vector massive resonance states. Using the dispersive representation of Peskin and Takeuchi and imposing the short-distance constraints dictated by the operator product expansion, we obtain S at the NLO in terms of a few resonance parameters. In asymptotically-free gauge theories, the final result only depends on the vector-resonance mass and requires M_V > 1.8 TeV (3.8 TeV) to satisfy the experimental limits at the 3 \sigma (1\sigma) level; the axial state is always heavier, we obtain M_A > 2.5 TeV (6.6 TeV) at 3\sigma (1\sigma). In strongly-coupled models, such as walking or conformal technicolour, where the second Weinberg sum rule does not apply, the vector and axial couplings are not determined by the short-distance constraints; but one can still derive a lower bound on S, provided the hierarchy M_V < M_A remains valid. Even in this less constrained situation, we find that in order to satisfy the experimental limits at 3\sigma one needs M_{V,A} > 1.8 TeV.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures. Version published in JHEP. Some references and sentences have been added to facilitate the discussio