Adenosine A1 receptor activation mediates the developmental shift at layer 5 pyramidal cell synapses and is a determinant of mature synaptic strength

During the first postnatal month glutamatergic synapses between layer 5 pyramidal cells in the rodent neocortex switch from an immature state exhibiting high probability of neurotransmitter release, large unitary amplitude and synaptic depression to a mature state with decreased probability of release, smaller unitary amplitude and synaptic facilitation. Using paired recordings, we demonstrate that the developmental shift in release probability at synapses between rat somatosensory layer 5 thick-tufted pyramidal cells is due to a higher and more heterogeneous activation of presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors. Immature synapses under control conditions exhibited distributions of CV, failure rate and release probability that were almost coincident with the A1 receptor blocked condition; however, mature synapses under control conditions exhibited much broader distributions that spanned those of both the A1 receptor agonised and antagonised conditions. Immature and mature synapses expressed A1 receptors with no observable difference in functional efficacy and therefore the heterogeneous A1 receptor activation seen in the mature neocortex is due to increased adenosine concentrations that vary between synapses. Given the central role demonstrated for A1 receptor activation in determining synaptic amplitude and the statistics of transmission between mature layer 5 pyramidal cells, the emplacement of adenosine sources and sinks near the synaptic terminal could constitute a novel form of long-term synaptic plasticity

Growth and form of the mound in Gale Crater, Mars: Slope wind enhanced erosion and transport

Ancient sediments provide archives of climate and habitability on Mars. Gale Crater, the landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), hosts a 5-km-high sedimentary mound (Mount Sharp/Aeolis Mons). Hypotheses for mound formation include evaporitic, lacustrine, fluviodeltaic, and aeolian processes, but the origin and original extent of Gale’s mound is unknown. Here we show new measurements of sedimentary strata within the mound that indicate ∼3° outward dips oriented radially away from the mound center, inconsistent with the first three hypotheses. Moreover, although mounds are widely considered to be erosional remnants of a once crater-filling unit, we find that the Gale mound’s current form is close to its maximal extent. Instead we propose that the mound’s structure, stratigraphy, and current shape can be explained by growth in place near the center of the crater mediated by wind-topography feedbacks. Our model shows how sediment can initially accrete near the crater center far from crater-wall katabatic winds, until the increasing relief of the resulting mound generates mound-flank slope winds strong enough to erode the mound. The slope wind enhanced erosion and transport (SWEET) hypothesis indicates mound formation dominantly by aeolian deposition with limited organic carbon preservation potential, and a relatively limited role for lacustrine and fluvial activity. Morphodynamic feedbacks between wind and topography are widely applicable to a range of sedimentary and ice mounds across the Martian surface, and possibly other planets

Leech Parasitism of the Gulf Coast Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina major (Testudines:Emydidae) in Mississippi, USA

Ten leeches were collected from a Gulf Coast box turtle, Terrapene carolina major, found crossing a road in Gulfport, Harrison County, Mississippi, USA. Eight of the leeches were identified as Placobdella multilineata and 2 were identified as Helobdella europaea. This represents the second vouchered report of leeches from a box turtle. Helobdella europaea is reported for the first time associated with a turtle and for the second time from the New World

Note on the selectivity of meshes used by the Santos fishing fleet

Neste trabalho, adotou-se o método empregado por Lucas et al. (1954), Margetts (1957) e Beverton & Holt (1957), para o estudo da seletividade, produzida pelas malhas das redes da frota pesqueira de Santos, sobre as seguintes espécies: "Corvina" (Micropogon furnieri), "Pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon), "Goete" (Cynoscion petranus), "Tortinha" (Isopisthus parvipinnis), Cangauá" (Bairdiella ronchus), "Maria Luísa" (Paralonchurus brasiliensis) e "Oveva" (Larimus breviceps). O estudo baseou-se nas seguintes hipóteses: primeiramente, que a malha fosse completamente flexível, em segundo lugar, completamente rígida, com as proporções de 2:3 entre as diagonais e em terceiro lugar, que o peixe pudesse tomar secção transversal circular. Através de retas de regressão, foram estabelecidas correlações entre a malha, nas duas situações e o comprimento do peixe, com 50% de probabilidade de escape. Concluiu-se que os barcos brasileiros da frota, devido à malhagem pequena, capturam peixes de comprimento inferior ao aceito pelo mercado, produzindo depredação, o que não acontece com os barcos japoneses.In this paper the relationship between total length and girth (circumference) of seven species: "Corvina" (Micropogon furnieri), "Pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodori), "Goete" (Cynoscion petranus), "Tortinha" (Isopisthus parvipinnis), "Cangaua" (Bairdiella ronchus), "Maria Luisa" ("Paralonchurus brasiliensis), and "Oveva" (Larimus breviceps), are expressed in the form of fitted regressions. Theoretical selection lengths assuming, at the one extreme, the mesh to be completely flexible, and at the other extreme to be rigid with axes of 2:3 are calculated. The fish is assumed to be able to adopt a circular cross section. If the fish is not circular but retains its normal form, the difference in the selection length is shown to be little different. The Brazilian commercial boats fishing from Santos are shown to use a mesh which has a very low selection point well below the size of fish which are acceptable on the fish market. The Japanese boats use a much larger mesh, which select fish of marketable size

The Experience of Pregnancy for Women with Bipolar Disorder: An Exploratory Study

Background: Bipolar disorder often emerges in an individual’s late teens and early twenties, thus women with bipolar disorder are impacted for the majority of their childbearing years. Pregnancy brings a unique set of challenges to this population, including risk of relapse, teratogenicity of medications, and increased risk of postpartum psychosis, yet no research exists on this population’s experience of pregnancy. Design: This study utilized semi-structured telephone interviews to gather preliminary qualitative data on the experience of pregnancy for women with bipolar disorder with the long-term goal of developing patient education materials and improving nursing-led interventions to help manage illness during pregnancy and postpartum. Method: A purposive sample of four English-speaking women, age 29-39, with a confirmed diagnosis of bipolar disorder I or II and who had given birth within the last eighteen months, was recruited nationally via the electronic and mass media, and postings on bulletin boards in a range of educational and related settings. One open-ended focused telephone interview was held with each client, and conducted by the first author. She was also responsible for doing the audiotaping, transcription, and coding of the data using a descriptive qualitative design.  Results: Women with bipolar disorder described a unique pregnancy experience, influenced by the intersection of mental illness, pregnancy, and pharmacotherapy. Recurrent themes included hopefulness, patient and healthcare provider as advocates, the importance of interdisciplinary care, education, community support and the mixed impact of medication. Discussion & Conclusion: This research contributes to initiatives designed to improve healthcare for pregnant women with bipolar disorder, augment patient education materials, and inform the design of nurse-led interventions. Empirical research findings become even more valuable tools for improving patient care when paired with the voices of patients themselves. As pregnant women are a historically under-studied population, this study also contributes to the larger body of scientific research on this population.&nbsp

Evidence for Proportionate Partition Between the Magnetic Field and Hot Gas in Turbulent Cassiopeia A

We present a deep X-ray observation of the young Galactic supernova remnant Cas A, acquired with the ROSAT High Resolution Imager. This high dynamic range (232 ks) image reveals low-surface-brightness X-ray structure, which appears qualitatively similar to corresponding radio features. We consider the correlation between the X-ray and radio morphologies and its physical implications. After correcting for the inhomogeneous absorption across the remnant, we performed a point by point (4" resolution) surface brightness comparison between the X-ray and radio images. We find a strong (r = 0.75) log-log correlation, implying an overall relationship of $\log(\Sigma_{_{\rm X-ray}}) \propto (2.21\pm0.05) \times \log(\Sigma_{_{\rm radio}})$. This is consistent with proportionate partition (and possibly equipartition) between the local magnetic field and the hot gas --- implying that Cas A's plasma is fully turbulent and continuously amplifying the magnetic field.Comment: 8 pages with embedded bitmapped figures, Accepted by ApJ Letters 5/1/9

Formation of Structure in Snowfields: Penitentes, Suncups, and Dirt Cones

Penitentes and suncups are structures formed as snow melts, typically high in the mountains. When the snow is dirty, dirt cones and other structures can form instead. Building on previous field observations and experiments, this work presents a theory of ablation morphologies, and the role of surface dirt in determining the structures formed. The glaciological literature indicates that sunlight, heating from air, and dirt all play a role in the formation of structure on an ablating snow surface. The present work formulates a mathematical model for the formation of ablation morphologies as a function of measurable parameters. The dependence of ablation morphologies on weather conditions and initial dirt thickness are studied, focusing on the initial growth of perturbations away from a flat surface. We derive a single-parameter expression for the melting rate as a function of dirt thickness, which agrees well with a set of measurements by Driedger. An interesting result is the prediction of a dirt-induced travelling instability for a range of parameters.Comment: 28 pages, 13 figure

Resolving ecological feedbacks on the ocean carbon sink in Earth system models

The Earth's oceans are one of the largest sinks in the Earth system for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, acting as a negative feedback on climate change. Earth system models project that climate change will lead to a weakening ocean carbon uptake rate as warm water holds less dissolved CO2 and as biological productivity declines. However, most Earth system models do not incorporate the impact of warming on bacterial remineralisation and rely on simplified representations of plankton ecology that do not resolve the potential impact of climate change on ecosystem structure or elemental stoichiometry. Here, we use a recently developed extension of the cGEnIE (carbon-centric Grid Enabled Integrated Earth system model), ecoGEnIE, featuring a trait-based scheme for plankton ecology (ECOGEM), and also incorporate cGEnIE's temperature-dependent remineralisation (TDR) scheme. This enables evaluation of the impact of both ecological dynamics and temperature-dependent remineralisation on particulate organic carbon (POC) export in response to climate change. We find that including TDR increases cumulative POC export relative to default runs due to increased nutrient recycling (+∼1.3 %), whereas ECOGEM decreases cumulative POC export by enabling a shift to smaller plankton classes (−∼0.9 %). However, interactions with carbonate chemistry cause opposite sign responses for the carbon sink in both cases: TDR leads to a smaller sink relative to default runs (−∼1.0 %), whereas ECOGEM leads to a larger sink (+∼0.2 %). Combining TDR and ECOGEM results in a net strengthening of POC export (+∼0.1 %) and a net reduction in carbon sink (−∼0.7 %) relative to default. These results illustrate the degree to which ecological dynamics and biodiversity modulate the strength of the biological pump, and demonstrate that Earth system models need to incorporate ecological complexity in order to resolve non-linear climate–biosphere feedbacks

The Inner Rings of Beta Pictoris

We present Keck images of the dust disk around Beta Pictoris at 17.9 microns that reveal new structure in its morphology. Within 1" (19 AU) of the star, the long axis of the dust emission is rotated by more than 10 degrees with respect to that of the overall disk. This angular offset is more pronounced than the warp detected at 3.5" by HST, and in the opposite direction. By contrast, the long axis of the emission contours at ~ 1.5" from the star is aligned with the HST warp. Emission peaks between 1.5" and 4" from the star hint at the presence of rings similar to those observed in the outer disk at ~ 25" with HST/STIS. A deconvolved image strongly suggests that the newly detected features arise from a system of four non-coplanar rings. Bayesian estimates based on the primary image lead to ring radii of 14+/-1 AU, 28+/-3 AU, 52+/-2 AU and 82+/-2 AU, with orbital inclinations that alternate in orientation relative to the overall disk and decrease in magnitude with increasing radius. We believe these new results make a strong case for the existence of a nascent planetary system around Beta Pic.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, PDF format. Published in ApJL, December 20,200