Математическая модель однопользовательской компьютерной игры, воспроизводящей дуэльный бой танков

In improving computer games, which reproduce a battle of tanks, two tasks can be distinguished: increasing a collection of game tools to represent virtual prototypes of real tank models and ensuring a realistic game. To solve these problems, a tool is necessary that allows us to compare gaming capabilities of virtual tank brands with combat capabilities of their real prototypes. A mathematical model of a computer game that reproduces a duel battle of tanks can be used as the tool. The specified model satisfies the following requirements: the sequence of operations reproduced in the model is in line with the sequence of operations implemented by the player in the course of the game; the maximum amount of ammunition that a tank can use in a model must correspond to the amount of tank ammunition. The duel lasts until one of the tanks is hit, or until all the gunshots available to hit the enemy are expended. It is necessary to find the probabilities of possible outcomes of a duel battle, the mathematical expectation of its duration, the mathematical expectation of the ammunition consumption of each side.The solution to the problem is obtained by constructing a mathematical model according to the scheme of Markov random process with discrete states and continuous time. It is implemented as a program for a model of a duel battle of tanks and can be used when developing a computer game of the genre of tank simulators to assess the gaming capabilities of the virtual tanks in a duel battle from the data on the amount of their ammunition and on the intensity of the game process transition from one state to another; for selecting the intensity values of the game process transition from one state to another, based on the data on the estimated game capabilities of virtual tanks in a duel battle. Thus, game participants can use this model to conduct their own research. Developers of computer games can use it for setting up the game and setting such intensity values of the game process transition from one state to another, at which the gaming capabilities of virtual tanks will correspond to the combat capabilities of their real prototypes on the battlefield.В совершенствовании компьютерных игр, воспроизводящих бой танков, можно выделить две задачи: увеличение коллекции игровых средств, представляющих собой виртуальные прототипы реальных образцов танков; обеспечении реалистичности игры. Для решения этих задач необходим инструмент, позволяющий сопоставить игровые возможности виртуальных марок танков с боевыми возможностями их реальных прототипов, в качестве которого можно использовать математическую модель компьютерной игры, воспроизводящую дуэльный бой танков. Указанная модель удовлетворяет следующим требованиям: последовательность операций, воспроизводимых в модели, соответствует последовательности операций, реализуемых игроком в процессе игры; максимальное количество боеприпасов, которое может использоваться танком в модели, должно соответствовать размеру боекомплекта танка. Дуэль продолжается до тех пор, пока не будет поражён один из танков, или пока не будут израсходованы все имеющиеся для поражения противника пушечные выстрелы. Необходимо найти вероятности возможных исходов дуэльного боя, математическое ожидание его продолжительности, математическое ожидание расхода боеприпасов каждой из сторон.Решение задачи получено путём построения математической модели по схеме Марковского случайного процесса с дискретными состояниями и непрерывным временем. Реализовано в виде программы модели дуэльного боя танков и может быть использовано при разработке компьютерной игры жанра танковых симуляторов для оценки игровых возможностей виртуальных танков в дуэльном бою по данным о размерах их боекомплектов и интенсивностях перехода игрового процесса из одного состояния в другое; для подбора значений интенсивностей перехода игрового процесса из одного состояния в другое, исходя из данных о предполагаемых игровых возможностях виртуальных танков в дуэльном бою. Таким образом, данная модель может быть использована участниками игры для проведения собственных исследований; разработчиками компьютерных игр, для настройки игры, задания таких значений интенсивностей перехода игрового процесса из одного состояния в другие, при которых игровые возможности виртуальных танков, будут соответствовать боевым возможностям их реальных прототипов на поле боя

Segmental paleotetraploidy revealed in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) genome by chromosome painting

Backgroun

Использование математических моделей при анализе событий из военной истории

One of the ways of knowing the events of military history is to reproduce them using mathematical models. Based on the analysis of the fighting operations of the 4th Panzer Brigade of the Red Army in the vicinity of the city of Mtsensk in early October 1941, the capability to provide mathematical modeling of the fragments of these combat operations and the application of the apparatus of Markov random processes for these purposes is substantiated.The effectiveness of tanks depends not only on their technical properties, but also on the ways they are used on the battlefield. At the same time, combat effectiveness of tanks is commonly understood as their effectiveness in conditions when the methods of conducting combat operations by each of the opposing sides are the best.The battle outcome is probabilistic. It has certain regularity, depending on the combat tactics. The battle can be imagined as a multitude of randomly dueling fights between tanks, differing in their location and range of fire. A study of the probability of a system transition from each transient state to the next leads to the construction of mathematical models that allow calculating the ratio of losses of opposing sides.Based on the facts of military history and discovered regularities, the mathematical models are constructed to allow reproducing various fragments of combat according to the scheme of the Markov random process, and on their basis calculations are performed. The dependence of the ratio of the losses of the opposing sides depending on the number of firing positions used by the ambush tanks was established, provided that the change of these positions was made imperceptibly for the enemy.The obtained results can be used to develop tactical methods of using tanks in antiterrorist operations.Один из способов познания событий военной истории, состоит в их воспроизведении при помощи математических моделей. На основе анализа боевых действий 4 танковой бригады Красной Армии в районе города Мценска в начале октября 1941 г., обоснована возможность математического моделирования фрагментов этих боевых действий и применения для этих целей аппарата марковских случайных процессов.Эффективность танков зависит не только от их технических свойств, но и от способов их применения на поле боя. При этом под боевой эффективностью танков обычно понимают их эффективность в условиях, когда способы ведения боевых действий каждой из противодействующих сторон являются наилучшими.Результат боя — это результат вероятностный, имеющий некую закономерность, зависящую от тактики боевых действий. Бой можно представить, как множество возникавших случайным образом дуэльных боев между танками, различавшихся по месту их расположения и дальностям ведения огня. Изучение вероятности перехода системы из каждого невозвратного состояния в последующие, приводит к построению математических моделей, позволяющих рассчитать соотношение потерь противодействующих сторон.Опираясь на факты военной истории и обнаруженные закономерности, построены математические модели, позволяющие воспроизвести различные фрагменты боя по схеме марковского случайного процесса, проведены расчеты по ним. Установлена зависимость соотношения потерь противодействующих сторон в зависимости от количества огневых позиций, использованных танками, стоявшим в засаде, при условии, что смена этих позиций производилась незаметно для противника.Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке тактических приемов применения танков в антитеррористических операциях

Анализ событий из истории Великой Отечественной войны методами математического моделирования

When fighting against terrorism in modern armed conflicts, combat vehicles, including tanks, are widely used. To minimise own losses of vehicles and personnel for overthrowing enemy is a relevant task. To solve it, the paper considers certain events in the history of the Great Patriotic War, which are associated with battle of tanks that spring an ambush. A mathematical model of the battle is built. The state graph of the system is given. Using this graph, a probability of tank kills and a ratio of mathematical expectations of losses have been calculated. This mathematical model generalizes the models, previously published in this journal, based on the Markov chain apparatus. The paper gives an example of calculations for this model in the particular case in which experimental data are used as a basis. The ratios of mathematical expectations of losses of the warring parties are obtained. Further, we consider the mathematical models, in which it is assumed that probabilities for tank crews to provide operations of targets detection in firing are known. With technology development and its mathematical support it becomes increasingly more real. The formulas to obtain the probability of tank kills are given according to the graph of states using the known probabilities of transition from one state to another. In each of the three mathematical models under consideration there is a graph of the system state, which allows calculation of the tank kills probability. We have analysed the models to prove a significant dependence of the loss ratio of the warring parties on the number of firing positions used by the tank in ambush in case re-siting is unnoticeable for the enemy. The authors-considered models that use the examples of historical events confirm that the tactics of organising and conducting ambushes in tank battles can be successfully used nowadays, when the technology intensiveness of the opposing forces significantly grows. The obtained results can be applied to organise and conduct tank ambushes in modern armed conflicts and fight against terrorist army.При борьбе с терроризмом в современных вооруженных конфликтах широко используются боевые машины, и в том числе танки. Актуален вопрос минимизации собственных потерь единиц техники и личного состава при разгроме противника. Для решения этой задачи в статье рассмотрены отдельные события истории Великой Отечественной войны, которые связаны с действиями танков из засад. Построена математическая модель боя. Приведен граф состояния системы. Используя приведенный граф, рассчитаны вероятности поражения танков и соотношения математических ожиданий потерь. Данная математическая модель обобщает ранее опубликованные в данном журнале модели, построенные с использованием аппарата цепей Маркова. Приведен пример расчётов по этой модели в частном случае, в котором за основу взяты экспериментальные данные. Получены соотношения математических ожиданий потерь противоборствующих сторон. Далее авторами рассмотрены математические модели, в которых предполагаются известными вероятности выполнения экипажами танков операций по обнаружению целей в процессе стрельбы. С развитием техники и её математическом обеспечении это становиться все более реальным. По приведенному в графу состояний с использованием известных вероятностей перехода из одного состояния в другое, приведены формулы получения вероятности поражения танков. В каждой из трех рассмотренных математических моделей приведен граф состояния системы, позволяющий вычислить вероятности поражения танков. Проведен анализ моделей, подтверждающий существенную зависимость соотношения потерь противодействующих сторон от количества огневых позиций, которые использованы танком в засаде в случае, если смена этих позиций производится незаметно для противника. Рассмотренные авторами в статье модели на примерах исторических событий подтверждают, что тактика организации и проведения засад при ведении танковых боев, может быть успешно использована и в наше время, когда значительно вырастает техническая оснащенность противоборствующих сил. Полученные результаты могут быть применены при организации и проведении танковых засад в современных вооруженных конфликтах и борьбе с террористическими формированиями

LINE-1 retrotransposon methylation in chorionic villi of first trimester miscarriages with aneuploidy

Purpose High frequency of aneuploidy in meiosis and cleavage stage coincides with waves of epigenetic genome reprogramming that may indicate a possible association between epigenetic mechanisms and aneuploidy occurrence. This study aimed to assess the methylation level of the long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon in chorionic villi of first trimester miscarriages with a normal karyotype and aneuploidy. Methods The methylation level was assessed at 19 LINE-1 promoter CpG sites in chorionic villi of 141 miscarriages with trisomy of chromosomes 2, 6, 8-10, 13-15, 16, 18, 20-22, and monosomy X using massive parallel sequencing. Results The LINE-1 methylation level was elevated statistically significant in chorionic villi of miscarriages with both trisomy (45.2 +/- 4.3%) and monosomy X (46.9 +/- 4.2%) compared with that in induced abortions (40.0 +/- 2.4%) (p < 0.00001). The LINE-1 methylation levels were specific for miscarriages with different aneuploidies and significantly increased in miscarriages with trisomies 8, 14, and 18 and monosomy X (p < 0.05). The LINE-1 methylation level increased with gestational age both for group of miscarriages regardless of karyotype (R = 0.21, p = 0.012) and specifically for miscarriages with trisomy 16 (R = 0.48, p = 0.007). LINE-1 methylation decreased with maternal age in miscarriages with a normal karyotype (R = - 0.31, p = 0.029) and with trisomy 21 (R = - 0.64, p = 0.024) and increased with paternal age for miscarriages with trisomy 16 (R = 0.38, p = 0.048) and monosomy X (R = 0.73, p = 0.003). Conclusion Our results indicate that the pathogenic effects of aneuploidy in human embryogenesis can be supplemented with significant epigenetic changes in the repetitive sequences

Mathematical Single-Player Computer Game Model to Reproduce Duel Fight of Tanks

In improving computer games, which reproduce a battle of tanks, two tasks can be distinguished: increasing a collection of game tools to represent virtual prototypes of real tank models and ensuring a realistic game. To solve these problems, a tool is necessary that allows us to compare gaming capabilities of virtual tank brands with combat capabilities of their real prototypes. A mathematical model of a computer game that reproduces a duel battle of tanks can be used as the tool. The specified model satisfies the following requirements: the sequence of operations reproduced in the model is in line with the sequence of operations implemented by the player in the course of the game; the maximum amount of ammunition that a tank can use in a model must correspond to the amount of tank ammunition. The duel lasts until one of the tanks is hit, or until all the gunshots available to hit the enemy are expended. It is necessary to find the probabilities of possible outcomes of a duel battle, the mathematical expectation of its duration, the mathematical expectation of the ammunition consumption of each side.The solution to the problem is obtained by constructing a mathematical model according to the scheme of Markov random process with discrete states and continuous time. It is implemented as a program for a model of a duel battle of tanks and can be used when developing a computer game of the genre of tank simulators to assess the gaming capabilities of the virtual tanks in a duel battle from the data on the amount of their ammunition and on the intensity of the game process transition from one state to another; for selecting the intensity values of the game process transition from one state to another, based on the data on the estimated game capabilities of virtual tanks in a duel battle. Thus, game participants can use this model to conduct their own research. Developers of computer games can use it for setting up the game and setting such intensity values of the game process transition from one state to another, at which the gaming capabilities of virtual tanks will correspond to the combat capabilities of their real prototypes on the battlefield

Mathematical Modeling-based Analysis from the Great Patriotic War Events

When fighting against terrorism in modern armed conflicts, combat vehicles, including tanks, are widely used. To minimise own losses of vehicles and personnel for overthrowing enemy is a relevant task. To solve it, the paper considers certain events in the history of the Great Patriotic War, which are associated with battle of tanks that spring an ambush. A mathematical model of the battle is built. The state graph of the system is given. Using this graph, a probability of tank kills and a ratio of mathematical expectations of losses have been calculated. This mathematical model generalizes the models, previously published in this journal, based on the Markov chain apparatus. The paper gives an example of calculations for this model in the particular case in which experimental data are used as a basis. The ratios of mathematical expectations of losses of the warring parties are obtained. Further, we consider the mathematical models, in which it is assumed that probabilities for tank crews to provide operations of targets detection in firing are known. With technology development and its mathematical support it becomes increasingly more real. The formulas to obtain the probability of tank kills are given according to the graph of states using the known probabilities of transition from one state to another. In each of the three mathematical models under consideration there is a graph of the system state, which allows calculation of the tank kills probability. We have analysed the models to prove a significant dependence of the loss ratio of the warring parties on the number of firing positions used by the tank in ambush in case re-siting is unnoticeable for the enemy. The authors-considered models that use the examples of historical events confirm that the tactics of organising and conducting ambushes in tank battles can be successfully used nowadays, when the technology intensiveness of the opposing forces significantly grows. The obtained results can be applied to organise and conduct tank ambushes in modern armed conflicts and fight against terrorist army

Using Mathematical Models in Event Analysis from Military History

One of the ways of knowing the events of military history is to reproduce them using mathematical models. Based on the analysis of the fighting operations of the 4th Panzer Brigade of the Red Army in the vicinity of the city of Mtsensk in early October 1941, the capability to provide mathematical modeling of the fragments of these combat operations and the application of the apparatus of Markov random processes for these purposes is substantiated.The effectiveness of tanks depends not only on their technical properties, but also on the ways they are used on the battlefield. At the same time, combat effectiveness of tanks is commonly understood as their effectiveness in conditions when the methods of conducting combat operations by each of the opposing sides are the best.The battle outcome is probabilistic. It has certain regularity, depending on the combat tactics. The battle can be imagined as a multitude of randomly dueling fights between tanks, differing in their location and range of fire. A study of the probability of a system transition from each transient state to the next leads to the construction of mathematical models that allow calculating the ratio of losses of opposing sides.Based on the facts of military history and discovered regularities, the mathematical models are constructed to allow reproducing various fragments of combat according to the scheme of the Markov random process, and on their basis calculations are performed. The dependence of the ratio of the losses of the opposing sides depending on the number of firing positions used by the ambush tanks was established, provided that the change of these positions was made imperceptibly for the enemy.The obtained results can be used to develop tactical methods of using tanks in antiterrorist operations