Economic mechanism of regulating land relations in the agricultural sector of Russia

The present study substantiates the economic basis for regulating land relations in the agricultural sector, outline the main stages of the formation and development of land relations in Russia. It also carries out a comparative analysis of land relations in Russia and foreign countries, presents theoretical aspects of economic regulation of land relations in the agricultural sector and considers domestic and foreign experience of the regulation of land relations. The activities of human society in connection with land are carried out on the basis of social relations, the key element of which is land relations. Transformations and regulation of land relations occur in the process of agrarian transformations. Historically, it has been proven that the implementation of agrarian reforms that change the socioeconomic situation, the working conditions of people, the production and marketing of products, does not bring about solid results without a proper transformation of land relations. The unique role of land relations in the system of agrarian reforms suggests that agrarian restructuring must begin with land reform.peer-reviewe

ВОЗРАСТНАЯ ДИНАМИКА МИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ПЛОТНОСТИ И МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ПОЗВОНКОВ ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ДЕНСИТОМЕТРИИ

Morphometric parameters and the mineral density of lumbar spine were studied in 929 people (740 women and 189 men) aged 20 - 87 years, living in Karelia. The mineral density of bone was estimated by a method of a two-power x-ray absorptiometriy. The maximum decrease in a mineralization is revealed in the second lumbar vertebra. Decrease in mineral density was accompanied by increase in width of vertebra more at men than at women.Изучены возрастные изменения морфометрических параметров и минеральной плотности поясничных позвонков у 929 человек (740 женщин и 189 мужчин) в возрасте от 20 до 87 лет, проживающих на территории Карелии. Минеральная плотность костной ткани оценивалась методом двухэнергетической рентгеновской абсорбциометрии. Минимальная возрастная потеря минеральной плотности происходит в первом и четвертом поясничных позвонках, максимальная - во втором поясничном позвонке. Возрастные изменения морфометрических параметров тел позвонков заключаются в увеличении ширины, более выраженной у мужчин, и снижении высоты поясничных позвонков, более выраженной у женщин. Большую площадь имеют позвонки с более низкими значениями минеральной плотности

Development of Movement Skills in Children with the Down Syndrome on Classes in Adaptive Physical Training

Annually in Ekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk region, 40–50 children are born each year with this genetic anomaly. The problem of development and correction of motor disorders in children with Down’s syndrome remains topical. The developed method of adaptive physical education, based on the game method of TEACCH, will help children with Down syndrome improve motor skills, emotional and volitional sphere, which in the future will contribute to successful socialization in society.Ежегодно в Екатеринбурге и Свердловской области рождаются 40–50 детей с синдромом Дауна. Актуальной остается проблема развития и коррекции нарушений двигательной сферы детей с данной генетической мутацией. Разработанная методика адаптивного физического воспитания, основанная на игровом методе TEACCH, поможет детям с синдромом Дауна улучшить двигательные навыки и эмоционально-волевую сферу, что в будущем будет способствовать их успешной социализации

CHEMOKINE MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY REJECTION OF KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT

It is known at the present time that immunological biomarkers may become more sensitive, non-invasive methods of graft rejection diagnosis than those currently used. A growing amount of studies in animal models shows that chemokines, as active participants in the immune process, may be used to this purpose. Our earlier studies have shown an important prognostic significance of IL-6, IL-2, 17A and IL-1RA increase in pre-operative period as markers of acute kidney allograft rejection. When assessing changes in studied peripheral blood growth factors, we concluded that a sharp decrease in BDNF content is a diagnostically significant early sign of kidney allograft rejection. The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic role of serum chemokine levels at the preoperative stage, taking into account the production of anti-HLA antibodies during the post-transplant period as a risk factor of kidney allograft rejection. A comparative analysis of chemokine serum concentrations was performed in the patients with terminal-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the patients from main clinical groups, the blood cytokine levels were measured 6 hours before transplantation, i.e., Eotaxin (CCL11), GRO-α (CXCL1), IL-8 (CXCL8), IP-10 (CXCL10), MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), SDF-1α (CXCL12), RANTES (CCL5), MIG (CXCL9) by means of multiplex immunological assays, using appropriate test systems. The studies have shown significant changes in several chemokines in the CKD patients compared to age-matched controls. However, the following diagnostically significant biomarkers associated with early rejection of transplanted kidney should be considered: increased concentration of CCL2 and CCL4 chemokines, as well as an acute decrease in CCL11. Significantly decreased CXCL12 concentration in peripheral blood could be considered a marker of favorable posttransplant clinical course.  Occurence of HLA antibodies in recipients is also associated with elevated serum levels of CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL4, and CCL5

Determination of equilibrium constant of C60 fullerene binding with drug molecules

We report a new analytical method that allows the determination of the magnitude of the equilibrium constant of complexation, Kh, of small molecules to C60 fullerene in aqueous solution. The developed method is based on the up-scaled model of C60 fullerene-ligand complexation and contains the full set of equations needed to fit titration datasets arising from different experimental methods (UV-Vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy, DLS). The up-scaled model takes into consideration the specificity of C60 fullerene aggregation in aqueous solution and allows the highly dispersed nature of C60 fullerene cluster distribution to be accounted for. It also takes into consideration the complexity of fullerene-ligand dynamic equilibrium in solution, formed by various types of self- and hetero-complexes. These features make the suggested method superior to standard Langmuir-type analysis, the approach used to date for obtaining quantitative information on ligand binding with different nanoparticles

Оценка эффективности протоколов профилактики цитомегаловирусной инфекции у реципиентов почки детского возраста

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most severe viral infection in renal transplant recipients, which can occur in the post-transplant period in both adult and pediatric recipients. Developing and applying an effective prevention and treatment strategy for pediatric renal graft recipients is a priority. Objective: to compare the effectiveness of the protocols used for the prevention of CMV infection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.Materials and methods. The study enrolled 118 patients who underwent primary kidney transplantation at Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs. Based on retrospective analysis, all recipients were divided into two groups, depending on the prophylactic strategy after kidney transplantation. The followup period for pediatric kidney recipients ranged from 108 to 1803 (623.5 ± 379.5) days. CMV infection activity was monitored by polymerase chain reaction.Results. The frequency of CMV infection activation episodes at 3 and 6 months was independent of the prophylaxis strategy used. The recurrence rate of CMV infection one year after surgery was significantly lower (p = 0.037) with Strategy 2. No cases of CMV syndrome or CMV disease, graft dysfunction, or chronic rejection associated with CMV infection were reported. Increasing the dose of antiviral drugs in Strategy 1 did not increase the risk of cytotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which are reversible (creatinine levels were not significantly different in the study groups at 3, 6, 12 months, p = 0.542, p = 0.287, p = 0.535, respectively). The incidence of kidney graft rejection did not increase in patients with lower doses of immunosuppressants in Strategy 2.Conclusion. Both prophylactic strategies are effective in pediatric kidney recipients. However, the choice of a strategy depends on the individual characteristics of the patient and requires a personalized approach.ЦМВ-инфекция представляет собой наиболее серьезную вирусную инфекцию у реципиентов почечного трансплантата, которая может возникнуть в посттрансплантационном периоде как у взрослых, так и у реципиентов детского возраста. Разработка и применение эффективного протокола профилактики и лечения ЦМВ-инфекции у реципиентов почки детского возраста является приоритетной задачей.Цель: провести сравнительный анализ эффективности применяемых протоколов профилактики ЦМВ-инфекции у реципиентов почки детского возраста.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 118 пациентов, перенесших первичную трансплантацию почки в НМИЦ ТИО им. ак. В.И. Шумакова. На основе ретроспективного анализа все реципиенты были разделены на две группы в зависимости от применяемой у них стратегии профилактики после трансплантации почки. Срок наблюдения реципиентов почки детского возраста составил от 108 до 1803 (623,5 ± 379,5) дней. Контроль активности ЦМВ-инфекции осуществлялся методом полимеразной цепной реакции.Результаты. Частота эпизодов активации цитомегаловирусной инфекции в периоды 3 и 6 месяцев не зависела от применяемой стратегии профилактики. Частота рецидивов цитомегаловирусной инфекции через год после операции достоверно ниже (р = 0,037) при использовании Стратегии 2. Не зафиксировано ни одного случая ЦМВ-синдрома или ЦМВ-заболевания, дисфункции трансплантата или хронического отторжения, связанного с цитомегаловирусной инфекцией. Повышение дозы противовирусных препаратов в рамках Стратегии 1 не увеличивает риск цитотоксичности и нефротоксичности, которые являются обратимыми (уровень креатинина достоверно не отличался в исследуемых группах в 3, 6, 12 месяцев – р = 0,542, р = 0,287, р = 0,535 соответственно). Частота отторжения трансплантированной почки не возрастает у пациентов при снижении дозы иммунодепрессантов в рамках Стратегии 2.Заключение. Результаты настоящего исследования подтверждают эффективность использования у реципиентов почки детского возраста обеих стратегий профилактики ЦМВ-инфекции. Однако выбор стратегии профилактики определяется индивидуальными характеристиками пациента и требует персонифицированного подхода

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕТОДИК РЕНТГЕНОФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНОГО ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТНОГО СОСТАВА АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ КЕРАМИКИ ИЗ МАЛЫХ НАВЕСОК

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (WDXRF) and total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis were applied to study the elemental composition of the Late Neolithic ancient ceramics collected at the Popovsky Lug burial site (Kachug, Upper Lena river, Russia). Semi-quantitative non-destructive analysis of ceramic pieces showed that measurements of the upper and lower sides of the ceramic are less informative than the measurement of its cut. Various sample preparation techniques for the low quantity of crushed ceramics such as fusion, pressing and preparation of suspensions were compared to preserve the material. Samples were prepared as 150 mg fused beads and 250 mg pressed pellets for WDXRF, and as suspensions of 20 mg sample based on the aqueous solution of the Triton X-100 surfactant for TXRF. Certified methods were used to validate the obtained contents of rock-forming oxides and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to confirm the results of trace elements determination. Based on the carried-out studies, a combination of the wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (glass) and total-reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (suspension) methods was chosen to obtain the data on the elemental bulk composition of archaeological ceramics. The proposed combination allowed the quantitative determination of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb, and Ba from the sample of crushed ceramics weighing only about 170 mg.Keywords: wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis, ceramics, archeology, Popovsky Lug, Upper Lena River DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2020.25.1.001 G.V. Pashkova1,2, M.M. Mukhamedova1,2, V.M. Chubarov1,3, A.S. Maltsev1,4,A.A. Amosova3, E.I. Demonterova1, E.A. Mikheeva1, D.L. Shergin1,2,5, V.A. Pellinen1, A.V. Teten'kin1,4 1Institute of the Eatrh’s Crust, SB RAS, 128 Lermontov St., 640033, Irkutsk, Russian Federation2Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx St., 664003, Irkutsk, Russian Federation3Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS, 1А Favorsky st., 664033, Irkutsk, Russian Federation4Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 83 Lermontov st., 664074, Irkutsk, Russian Federation5Irkutsk Regional Museum of Local Lore; 13 K. Marx st., 664003, Irkutsk, Russian FederationДля изучения элементного состава древней керамики эпохи позднего неолита стоянки-могильника Поповский Луг (район поселка Качуг, верховье реки Лены, Россия) использованы два варианта рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа: традиционный рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ с волновой дисперсией (WDXRF) и рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ с полным внешним отражением (TXRF). Приближенно-количественный анализ фрагментов керамики без измельчения показал, что измерения внешней и внутренней поверхности фрагментов керамики являются менее информативными, по сравнению с измерением ее среза. Апробированы способы подготовки проб, ориентированные на анализ малых навесок измельченной керамики с целью сохранения материала: сплавление, прессование и приготовление суспензий. Для WDXRF излучатели готовили в виде сплавленных стекол из 150 мг пробы, а также в виде прессованных таблеток из 250 мг пробы. Для проведения TXRF использовали суспензии из 20 мг пробы на основе водного раствора поверхностно-активного вещества Triton X-100. В качестве методик сравнения при определении породообразующих оксидов применяли аттестованные методики количественного химического анализа, при определении микроэлементов – метод масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой. Проведенные исследования показали, что для получения данных об элементном валовом составе археологической керамики предпочтительно использование комбинации методов WDXRF (стекло) и TXRF (суспензия). Предложенная схема позволяет проводить количественное определение Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb и Ba из навески измельченной керамики массой примерно 170 мг.Ключевые слова: рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ с волновой дисперсией, рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ с полным внешним отражением, керамика, археология, Поповский Луг, Верхняя ЛенаDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2020.25.1.00

The first and only combination of basal and prandial insulin analogs degludec and aspart: the position of Russian endocrinologists

Insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus is the most effective way to control glycemia with the progression of the disease and the ineffectiveness of other sugar-lowering drugs. At the same time, the existing limitations of traditional insulin preparations, along with increasing attention to the individualized treatment of this disease, are pushing developers to create drugs that most closely reproduce the effect of natural human insulin. In this regard, the appearance of a combination of insulin analogs, the action profile of which practically imitates insulin secretion by a healthy pancreas, presents new possibilities in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Insulin degludec / insulin aspart (IDegAsp, Ryzodeg®, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) is the first and only soluble combination preparation containing 70% of the ultra-long-acting insulin analogue degludec and 30% of the ultra-short-acting insulin analogue aspart in one injection, which meets the need for both basal and prandial insulin. The combined drug has nothing in common with traditional mixed insulin preparations (both human and analog) and provides doctors and patients with significant advantages over the latter. The article presents the position of Russian experts-diabetologists with extensive experience in the use of IDegAsp regarding the role and place of the drug in real clinical practice. Data from real clinical practice confirm that IDegAsp is a reasonable choice for starting and intensifying insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus when basal and prandial glycemic control is required. The use of the drug is most appropriate in patients who are on basal, biphasic, basal-plus/basal-bolus regimens and who do not achieve the goals of glycemic control during prior therapy. One of the leading reasons for choosing IDegAsp may also be a lower risk of developing hypoglycemia compared to insulin analogues of previous generations — biphasic insulin aspart and basal insulin glargine 100 U/ml. In addition, IDegAsp is a simple, flexible and safe insulin therapy for patients on premix therapy and basal-plus/basis-bolus regimens who require basal and prandial glycemic control. IDegAsp is a simple, flexible and safe insulin therapy. The greatest benefit of this drug use can be obtained by patients for whom adherence to a complex therapy regimen is difficult (the elderly, with cognitive impairment, after a stroke, with dementia), as well as patients who have an active lifestyle, accompanied by irregular food intake. It is important to note that since January 1, 2021, there is no need for a decision by a special medical commission to prescribe (IDegAsp) Ryzodeg®. This fact, as well as a significant price reduction at the end of 2020, opens up broader prospects for using the drug in the routine practice of a Russian endocrinologist