Phase Composition and Defect Substructure of Strengthening Layer Surfaced on Low Alloyed Steel

The microstructure and microhardness distribution in surface of low carbon Hardox 450 steel coated with alloyed powder wires of different chemical compositions are studied. It is shown that the microhardness of 6-8 mm thickness surfaced layer exceeds that of base metal by more than 2 times. The increased mechanical properties of surfaced layer are caused by the submicro and nanoscale dispersed martensite, containing the niobium carbides Nb2C, NbC and iron borides Fe2B. In the bulk plates a dislocation substructure of the net-like type with scalar islocation density of 10^11 cm^-2 is observed. The layer surfaced with the wire containing B possesses the highest hardness. The possible mechanisms of niobium and boron carbides formation in surfacing are discusse

«Учреждение для управления Сибирских губерний» 1822 г. – первый опыт кодификации М.М. Сперанского

The subject. The article examines the reform of local government in Siberia carried out by the outstanding Russian statesman and reformer M.M. Speransky in the first quarter of the 19th century. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the “Statute on Siberian provincial administration” of 1822 formed the organizational structure of state administration in Siberia for almost a century as well as basis for future codifications of Russian legislation that would carry out by M. Speransky. The methodological basis of the research is combination of objectivity, historicism and alternativeness, which presuppose an unbiased approach in the analysis of the historical problems and a critical attitude towards the sources. The main results, scope of application. The “Statute on Siberian provincial administration” of 1822 was the first systematization of local legislation in the history of Russia. The Statute became the first practical experience in the preparation of a code of laws for M.M. Speransky and his collaborators. The Statute was ahead of the subsequent imperial codification and incorporation of legislation carried out under his leadership. The Speransky’s reform in Siberia in 1822 determined the foundations of the administrative-territorial structure of the Trans-Ural region of the country, which corresponded to the needs of the time. The Statute of 1822 also legitimized the volost public administration of the Siberian state peasants, which was organized in the last quarter of the 18th century. This system of administration put the peasant self-government under more strict control by the district police authorities. Particular attention in the article is paid to the structure, nature and organizational and legal issues of the activities of local government in Siberia. Conclusions. The increased interest in the establishment and development of Siberian regional governance is associated not only with the desire of researchers to look deeper into the past, but also with practical needs. Today it is necessary to research the events and facts of the Siberian past in a new way so as not to repeat old myths and delusions and to prevent the emergence of new ones.В статье на основании дореволюционного законодательства рассматривается реформа местного управления в Сибири, осуществленная выдающимся российским государственным деятелем и реформатором М.М. Сперанским в первой четверти XIX в. В качестве теоретической основы статьи выступили объективность, историзм и альтернативность, которые предполагают непредвзятый подход при осуществлении анализа исследуемых проблем и критическое отношение к изучаемым источникам. Автор приходит к выводу, что «Учреждение для управления сибирских губерний и областей» 1822 г. стало для М.М. Сперанского и его сотрудников первым практическим опытом подготовки свода законов, который опередил впоследствии проведенную под его руководством общеимперскую кодификацию и инкорпорацию законодательства. «Учреждение» 1822 г. стало, кроме того, первой в истории страны систематизацией регионального законодательства. Реформа Сперанского в Сибири 1822 г. определила основы административно-территориального устройства зауральского региона страны, которые соответствовали потребностям времени. Особое внимание в статье уделено структуре, природе и организационным и правовым вопросам деятельности местного управления в Сибири

Волостное управление по Учреждению для управления Сибирских губерний 1822 г. (К 250-летию со дня рождения М.М. Сперанского)

The subject. Many shortcomings in the current state of local government and self-government systems are that in the process of forming the institutions of Russian public power, there were not evolutionary qualitative changes, but, on the contrary, there were processes of quantitative complication of mechanisms and institutions for the exercise of public power, making the role of the people in administrative processes impossible or insignificant.The experience of pre-revolutionary Siberian local self-government is a proven resource in historical practice for improving the organization of local government, as well as the mechanism of public administration, which was prepared on local, Siberian soil, and was not copied from the socio-political systems of foreign countries.The purpose of the article is to identify principles and features of the peasant self-government in Siberia laid down by the reform of the outstanding Russian statesman Michael Speransky.The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are the categories and principles of materialistic dialectics, formal-logical, systemic, comparative-legal and formal-legal methods.The main results. The conditions of life and traditions of self-governing peasant communities in Siberia made it possible for a very long period, up to the revolutionary upheavals of 1917, to find a solution that freed the crown government from the costs of the lower level of local government and its performance of the functions of administration and court in the Siberian village.Conclusions. Peasant self-government was endowed with state powers and included in the mechanism of state power according to the reform of Michael Speransky.Рассматривается организация крестьянского самоуправления в Сибири согласно реформе выдающегося российского государственного деятеля М.М. Сперанского. Делается вывод, что крестьянское самоуправление наделялось государственными властными полномочиями и включалось в механизм государственной власти. Отмечается, что условия быта и традиции самоуправленческих общин крестьян в Сибири позволили на очень долгий период, вплоть до революционных потрясений 1917 г., найти решение, которое освободило коронную власть от затрат на низовое звено местного управления и выполнения им функций администрации и суда в сибирской деревне

Особенности местного самоуправления в Степном генерал-губернаторстве

The subject. Many shortcomings in the current state of local government and self-government systems are that in the process of forming institutions of public power, there were not evolutionary qualitative changes, but, on the contrary, there were processes of quantitative complication of mechanisms and institutions for the exercise of public power, making the role of the people in administrative processes impossible or insignificant.The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are the categories and principles of materialistic dialectics, systematic, formal-logical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods.The main results. The article discusses 4 types of self-government that existed in the Steppe General Government in the prerevolutionary period. Special attention is paid to organizational and legal issues, the structure and forms of activity of urban, peasant, Cossack and Kyrgyz (Kazakh) self-government, their interaction with local administrative and police bodies represented by the Governor-General, regional governors and county chiefs. Conclusions. The activity of local self-government bodies in the Steppe Region was based on the concept of self-government, which was based on the fact that local self-government had to act in the interests of state power. It carried out its activities on the basis of laws, the subjects of its jurisdiction and competence were also determined by the state. The activities and powers of the local state administration and local self-government were considered homogeneous and constituted a single power vertical. Рассматриваются четыре вида самоуправления, существовавшие в Степном генералгубернаторстве в дореволюционный период. Особое внимание уделяется организационно-правовым вопросам, структуре и формам деятельности городского, крестьянского, казачьего и киргизского (казахского) самоуправления, их взаимодействию с местными административно-полицейскими органами, представленными генерал-губернатором, губернаторами областей и уездными начальниками. Деятельность органов местного самоуправления в Степном крае основывалась на концепции самоуправления, в основе которой лежало то, что местное самоуправление должно было действовать в интересах государственной власти. Оно осуществляло свою деятельность на основе законов, предметы его ведения и компетенция также определялись государством

The Role of Plastic Flow in Processes of High-speed Sintering of Ceramic Materials under Pressure

A model to describe the kinetics of the compaction of conductive nitride ceramics using electropulse technologies is developed. The relationship between density and pressure is established on the basis of three components of the geometric, plastic and stressed state, which is affects the contact area between the particles. The model takes into account the change in the relative area of the interpartial contacts under the action oftwo mechanisms of mass transfer-diffusion and plastic flow. It is shown that a decrease in the particle size of the powder leads to an in-crease in the diffusion contribution and a decrease in the plastic flow, at all other conditions being equal. And for the case of nano-sized particles, diffusion mass transfer is predominant.Increasing in the heating rate leads to a decrease in the contribution of dif-fusion mass transfer at equal temperatures, as well as to an increase in the temperature of the beginning of shrinkage.The processes of plasma-plasma sintering, high-voltage electro-pulsed consolidation and hot pressing control the same mechanisms, plastic flow and diffusion mass transfer, which do not require, in the first approximation, the influence of the electric current on the properties of materials. Keywords: spark-plasma sintering, high-voltage electrodischarge consolidation, sintering kinetic

Search for β+\beta^+EC and ECEC processes in 112^{112}Sn

Limits on $\beta^+$EC (here EC denotes electron capture) and ECEC processes in $^{112}$Sn have been obtained using a 380 cm$^3$ HPGe detector and an external source consisting of 53.355 g enriched tin (94.32% of $^{112}$Sn). A limit with 90% C.L. on the $^{112}$Sn half-life of $4.7\times 10^{20}$ y for the ECEC(0$\nu$) transition to the $0^+_3$ excited state in $^{112}$Cd (1871.0 keV) has been established. This transition is discussed in the context of a possible enhancement of the decay rate by several orders of magnitude given that the ECEC$(0\nu)$ process is nearly degenerate with an excited state in the daughter nuclide. Prospects for investigating such a process in future experiments are discussed. The limits on other $\beta^+$EC and ECEC processes in $^{112}$Sn were obtained on the level of $(0.6-8.7)\times 10^{20}$ y at the 90% C.L.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Kinetics and thermochemistry of the unusual [2π + 2σ + 2σ]-cycloaddition of quadricyclane with some dienophiles

Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Kinetic parameters of the unusual [2π + 2σ + 2σ]-cycloaddition reactions of quadricyclane (1) with tetracyanoethylene (2), 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (3), N-phenylmaleimide (4), and diethyl azodicarboxylate (5) are determined experimentally. Additionally, the enthalpies of 1 + 2 reaction in 1,4-dioxane solution (−236.6 ± 1.0 kJ mol−1) and 1 + 3 reaction in toluene (−255.0 ± 2.8 kJ mol−1) are determined calorimetrically and shown to be the largest in absolute magnitude among all known cycloaddition reactions involving these dienophiles. Solvent effect on the rate of 1 + 3 reaction in 11 solvents is studied and found to be moderate and similar to that of the conventional Diels-Alder and ene reactions. The difference in the reaction rate constants of 1 with different dienophiles can be up to 9 orders of magnitude and is mainly caused by the difference in activation enthalpies. This difference is not correlated with the standard enthalpies of reactions and is likely the result of high sensitivity of the [2π + 2σ + 2σ] reaction rates to the energy of donor-acceptor interactions between the reactants