Fixing number of co-noraml product of graphs

An automorphism of a graph $G$ is a bijective mapping from the vertex set of $G$ to itself which preserves the adjacency and the non-adjacency relations of the vertices of $G$. A fixing set $F$ of a graph $G$ is a set of those vertices of $G$ which when assigned distinct labels removes all the automorphisms of $G$, except the trivial one. The fixing number of a graph $G$, denoted by $fix(G)$, is the smallest cardinality of a fixing set of $G$. The co-normal product $G_1\ast G_2$ of two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$, is a graph having the vertex set $V(G_1)\times V(G_2)$ and two distinct vertices $(g_1, g_2), (\acute{g_1}, \acute{g_2})$ are adjacent if $g_1$ is adjacent to $\acute{g_1}$ in $G_1$ or $g_2$ is adjacent to $\acute{g_2}$ in $G_2$. We define a general co-normal product of $k\geq 2$ graphs which is a natural generalization of the co-normal product of two graphs. In this paper, we discuss automorphisms of the co-normal product of graphs using the automorphisms of its factors and prove results on the cardinality of the automorphism group of the co-normal product of graphs. We prove that $max\{fix(G_1), fix(G_2)\}\leq fix(G_1\ast G_2)$, for any two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$. We also compute the fixing number of the co-normal product of some families of graphs.Comment: 13 page

Social media usage in academic research

Recently researchers have used “conversation prism” and “social media prisma”, to consolidate social medias with respect to their use. Although both identified 25 types, having average five examples each, they did not identify contribution of each type in academic research. Moreover some of mentioned social services had been suspended or changed. In this paper we attempt to access each social media mentioned in conversation prism in order to first, identify services that are operational to date, services which have suspended and those which have changed during course of time. Second, we compare number of publications associated with each social media, in order to identify which social media has contributed most to academic research. Third, we attempt to find correlation between number of publications and development tools provided by respective social applications. Fourth, social medias are ranked with respect to number of times other social medias share content with respective social application. It was found that out of 168 social applications, 10% changed their service objective while 13% were suspended. Among all social application, AMAZON had highest i.e. 147,000 number of citations on Google scholar whereas 90.7% of total citations were contributed by top 30 social medias. For developers, 22 out of top 30 social medias provided developer options in form of either application programming interface (API) or software development kits (SDK) and Facebook was found to be most cross referred social media based on content sharing. Finally conclusion and future work of study is presented

PLANNED BEHAVIOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTENTION TO CREATE A NEW VENTURE AMONG YOUNG GRADUATES

This paper attempts to investigate whether young graduates possess the leadership style that is pre-requisite to become entrepreneur. The paper further examines the role of higher education towards the desire of new venture creation among young graduates in developing economies specially. This study analyzed the response of 225 final-semester students at different universities in Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore. A questionnaire based survey instrument was used. Result of the present study shows that education and new venture creation are positively and significantly correlated. The results further indicate that all variables used in this study are significantly correlated with intention to create a new venture. The limitation of this study is that it includes business and economics discipline students only. Further studies may investigate and examine the possibilities of similar outcomes among students of other disciplines including science, engineering, medicine, agriculture and law etc. The present study will, however, provide insight to future policy makers and planners to consider strategies for optimally utilizing the expertise and potentials of the young graduates. The academicians, educators, and university authorities have rethink what to teach? How to teach? In order to effectively prepare-young generation for the forthcoming challenges.entrepreneurship, leadership style, new venture creation, planned behavior, young graduates.

Synthesis and antibacterial study of some s-substituted aliphatic analogues of 2-mercapto-5-(1-(4-toluenesulfonyl) piperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

Purpose: To synthesize a series of analogues of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and to evaluate their antibacterial activity.Methods: Ethyl piperidin-4-carboxylate (1) was mixed with 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride (2) in benignant conditions to yield ethyl 1-(4-toluenesulfonyl)piperidin-4-carboxylate (3) and then 1-(4- toluenesulfonyl)piperidin-4-carbohydrazide (4). Intermolecular cyclization of 4 into 2-mercapto-5-(1-(4- toluenesulfonyl) piperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (5) was obtained on reflux with CS2 in the presence of KOH. Molecule 5 was stirred with alkyl halides, 6a-i, in DMF in the presence of LiH to synthesize the final compounds, 7a-i. The structures of these molecules were elucidated by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains, namely, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, with ciprofloxacin used as standard antibacterial agent.Results: Out of nine synthesized derivatives, compound 7a was the most active against three bacterial strains, S. typhi, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9.11 ± 0.40, 9.89 ± 0.45 and 9.14 ± 0.72 μM, respectively, compared with 7.45 ± 0.58, 7.16 ± 0.58 and 7.14 ± 0.18 μM, respectively, for the reference standard (ciprofloxacin). Similarly, compounds 7a - 7c showed relatively good antibacterial activity against B. subtilis strain while compound 7e - 7g revealed good results against S. typhi bacterial strain.Conclusion: The results indicate that S-substituted derivatives of the parent compound are more effective antibacterial agents than the parent compound, even with minor differences in substituents.Keywords: 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Antibacterial activity, Ethyl piperidin-4-carboxylate, Sulfonamid

Surgical Outcome of Anterior Skull Base Approach for Combined ENT and Neurosurgical Lesions

Objective:  To determine surgical outcome of Anterior Skull Base approach for combined ENT   and Neurosurgical Lesions. Material and Methods:  This descriptive study was conducted at the departments of ENT, Head, Neck Surgery and Neurosurgery Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from March 2003 to Feb. 2008, with a total duration of five years. All these patients were admitted in ENT department. These patients were evaluated in terms of detailed history, thorough examination and radiological investigations. Incisional biopsy of the nasal mass was taken in cases where angiofibroma was excluded clinically, and then proper approach for excision of the lesion was planned. A well informed consent was taken from patient explaining the procedure, its risks, benefits and associated complications. The intracranial lesion was completely excised by neurosurgeons with help of microscope while the extracranial portion of the lesion was excised by ENT surgeon .The specimen of the lesions was examined by Histopathologist. Results:  This study included 23 patients in the age range of 12-51 years, mean age 25 years. Eighteen patients were male and five were female with female to male ratio of 1:3.6. These patients presented mainly with complaints of nasal obstruction, epistaxis and headache. CT scans were performed in all 23 cases (100%) while MRI in 5 cases (21.73%). These patients presented with advanced disease on radiological findings and they were treated by combined approach by Neurosurgeons and Otorhinolaryngologists. On histopathology of the specimen angiofibroma was on top. Two patients were subjected to radiotherapy postoperatively. There was no mortality and no recurrence of the disease. Conclusion:  The anterior skull base approach has good surgical outcome in terms of complete clearance of the disease and minimum morbidity for combined neurosurgical and ENT lesions irrespective of the nature of the lesion

Towards Security of GSM Voice Communication

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is widely used digital mobile service around the world. Although GSM was designed as a secure wireless system, it is now vulnerable to different targeted attacks. There is a need to address security domains especially the confidentiality of communication. This paper presents a novel framework for end to end secure voice communication over the GSM networks using encryption algorithm AES-256. A special Modem and speech coding technique are designed to enable the transmission of encrypted speech using GSM voice channel. To the best of our knowledge, this is first solution that uses single codebook for transmission of secure voice. An efficient low bit-rate (1.9 kbps) speech coder is also designed for use with the proposed modulation scheme for optimal results. Different speech characteristics such as pitch, energy and line spectral frequencies are extracted and preserved before compression and encryption of speech. Previously, the best achieved data rate was 1.6 kbps with three codebooks, whilst the proposed approach achieves 2 kbps with 0% bit error rate. The empirical results show that the methodology can be used for real time applications to transmit encrypted voice using GSM network

Evaluating the Perception and Awareness of Patients Regarding Ovarian Cysts in Peshawar, Pakistan

Purpose: To evaluate patients’ perception regarding ovarian cyst as well as their awareness of the symptoms and health management of the disease.Methods: A quantitative research approach was used to conduct this study. Patients were selected from the Gynecology wards, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar and a questionnaire was designed to evaluate the patients’ knowledge and awareness.Results: When women were asked if they had prior knowledge about the ovarian cyst, 37 (58.7 %) responded that they were first told by the  physician during their visit to the clinic or hospital while the patients  responded, “Still don’t know” are 22 (34.9 %). With respect to educational level of the patients, they seemed to be less aware of the disease. Their perception regarding the disease is that they had a “water filled” balloon or tumor.Conclusion: Prior to discharge of an ovarian cyst patient from the hospital, she should be counseled on the disease and successful treatment outcomes. Counseling of the patients may result in compliance with therapy, good quality of life and lower economic burden.Keywords: Ovarian cyst, Menstrual cycle, Awareness, Perception, Treatment outcome

Analysis of landslide movements using interferometric synthetic aperture radar: A case study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan

From a geological standpoint, northern Pakistan is one of the most active and unstable areas in the world. As a consequence, many massive landslides have occurred in the area in historical times that have destroyed infrastructure, blocked the Hunza River, and damaged the Karakoram Highway repeatedly. However, despite the high frequency of large magnitude landslide events, and the consequent damages, the entire area is largely understudied, mainly due to the difficult logistics and the large distances involved. This work is aimed at applying the potential use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for landslide identification and investigation for the Hunza-Nagar Region. Sentinel-1 images covering a period of more than two years (February 2017-August 2019) were used and processed by adopting the small baseline subset (SBAS) method. The obtained deformation rate measured along the line of sight (VLOS) varies from -114 to 20 mm/year. The downslope velocity deformation rates (Vslope) range from 0 to -300 mm/year. The Vslope stability threshold for our study area was calculated to be -14 mm/year from the Vslope standard deviation. Four active landslides with Vslope exceeding 14 mm/year were recognizable and have been confirmed by field inspection. The identified landslides listed from the most active to least active are the Humarri, Mayoon, Khai, and Ghulmet landslides, respectively. VLOS exceeding 114 mm/year was observed in the Humarri landslide, which posed a threat of damming a lake on the Hispar River and was also a risk to the Humarri Village located below the landslide. The maximum mean deformation detected in the Ghulmet, andMayoon landslide was in the order of 30 mm/year and 20 mm/year, respectively. More importantly, it was found that in places, the slope deformation time series showed a patchy correlation with precipitation and seismic events in the area. This may indicate a complex, and possibly uncoupled, relationship between the two controlling agents promoting the deformation. However, the collective impact of the two factors is evident in the form of a continuously descending deformation curve and clearly indicates the ground distortion. The results indicate a potentially critical situation related to the high deformation rates measured at the Humarri landslide. On this specific slope, conditions leading to a possible catastrophic failure cannot be ruled out and should be a priority for the application of mitigation measures

Designing a wind energy harvester for connected vehicles in green cities

\ua9 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Electric vehicles (EVs) have recently gained momentum as an integral part of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) when authorities started expanding their low emission zones (LEZs) in an effort to build green cities with low carbon footprints. Energy is one of the key requirements of EVs, not only to support the smooth and sustainable operation of EVs, but also to ensure connectivity between the vehicle and the infrastructure in the critical times such as disaster recovery operation. In this context, renewable energy sources (such as wind energy) have an important role to play in the automobile sector towards designing energy-harvesting electric vehicles (EH-EV) to mitigate energy reliance on the national grid. In this article, a novel approach is presented to harness energy from a small-scale wind turbine due to vehicle mobility to support the communication primitives in electric vehicles which enable plenty of IoV use cases. The harvested power is then processed through a regulation circuitry to consequently achieve the desired power supply for the end load (i.e., battery or super capacitor). The suitable orientation for optimum conversion efficiency is proposed through ANSYS-based aerodynamics analysis. The voltage-induced by the DC generator is 35 V under the no-load condition while it is 25 V at a rated current of 6.9 A at full-load, yielding a supply of 100 W (on constant voltage) at a speed of 90 mph for nominal battery charging