Dynamique structurale des îlots de forêt claire à Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. et Perr. dans le Sud-Ouest du Burkina Faso

Les forêts claires résultent de la dégradation des forêts denses sèches. Elles sont soumises aux facteurs climatiques et anthropiques. Cette étude vise à analyser la diversité floristique et la  dynamique des principales espèces dans la forêt classée de Koulbi. Les données ont été collectées dans 27 placeaux de 900 m2. Le diamètre (Dbh1,30 m) >5 cm et la hauteur des individus ont été mesurés. La régénération a été comptée et l’état sanitaire apprécié. Les indices de Shannon et de Piélou, la valeur d’importance écologique de l’espèce (IVI), la densité et la surface terrière ont été calculés. La distribution de Weibull a été appliquée à la structure des principales espèces. L’indice de Shanonn = 3,01 bits montre une diversité moyenne et l’indice de Pielou = 0,49 traduit la dominance de quelques espèces. Les espèces ayant un IVI significatif sont Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. Et Perr. (116,19), Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (21,66), Lannea barteri Oliv. Engl. (13,40), Adansonia digitata L. (12,92) et Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. (11,80). La principale espèce, A. leiocarpa présente une bonne densité tant au niveau des adultes (316 pieds/ha) que des juvéniles (667 pieds/ha). Sa structure diamétrique en «J renversé» est synonyme d’une bonne dynamique. Cependant, elle est menacée par la mortalité (9,27%) par endroit des sujets.Mots clés : Diversité floristique, régénération, mortalité, forêt classée de Koulbi

Utilisation et vulnérabilité des espèces végétales et stratégies d'adaptation des populations riveraines de la Forêt Classée du Kou (Burkina Faso)

La problématique de la déforestation est importante dans les régions arides et semi-arides de l’Afrique. Les politiques de gestion des forêts excluant les besoins réels des populations font qu’elle persiste. Cette étude vise à améliorer la gestion participative et durable des forêts classées au Burkina Faso. Une enquête ethnobotanique impliquant 60 ménages des villages riverains de la Forêt Classée du Kou et un inventaire floristique sur 36 placettes ont été réalisés. L’indice de vulnérabilité des espèces a été calculé et des analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles ont été effectuées. Les résultats montrent que la forêt comporte 206 espèces dont 80 utilisées pour l’alimentation (100%), la médecine (96,7%), l’artisanat (88,71%), la construction (88,7%), la bioénergie (75,81%) et le fourrage (64,52%). Les produits recherchés sont : fruits (100%), feuilles (95,16%) et bois (93,55%). Le V-test et l’ACM révèlent une utilisation influencée par la profession, le sexe et le niveau académique. Des espèces utilisées, 68,75% sont vulnérables et 53,75% sont sur la liste rouge de l’UICN. Comme stratégies d’adaptation, 58,82% des enquêtés proposent l’agroforesterie et 41,18% proposent la substitution des espèces menacées. Il est indéniable que cette forêt classée couvre les besoins essentiels des populations riveraines qui doivent s’imposer une exploitation rationnelle de ses ressources. English title: Use and vulnerability of plant species and adaptation strategies of the riparian populations of the Kou Classified Forest (Burkina Faso) The problem of deforestation is important in the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa. Forest management policies that exclude the real needs of the population justify the persistence of deforestation. This study aims to improve the participatory and sustainable management of classified forests in Burkina Faso. An ethnobotanical survey involving 60 households in the villages bordering the Kou Classified Forest and a floristic inventory on 36 plots were carried out. The species vulnerability index was calculated and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. The results show that the forest contains 206 species, 80 of which are used for food (100%), medicine (96.7%), handicrafts (88.71%), construction (88.7%), fuelwood (75.81%) and fodder (64.52%). The products sought are: fruits (100%), leaves (95.16%) and wood (93.55%). The V-test and the MCA reveal a use influenced by profession, gender and academic level. Of the species used, 68.75% are vulnerable and 53.75% are on the IUCN Red List. As adaptation strategies, 58.82% of the respondents propose agroforestry and 41.18% propose the substitution of threatened species by those available. It is undeniable that this classified forest covers the essential needs of the riparian populations who must impose themselves a rational exploitation of its resources. &nbsp

Antifungal potential of essential oils, aqueous and ethanol extracts of thirteen plants against Fusarium oxysporum f . sp Lycopersici and Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary as major tomato pathogens

Antifungal activity of essential oils (EO), ethanol extracts (ETE) and cold water extracts (CWE) of thirteen plants was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophtora infestans causal agents of tomato Fusarium wilt and late blight diseases respectively. The supplemented media and slide germination techniques were carried out to determine the effect of extracts on the mycelial growth and conidia germination of pathogens. The results showed that essential oils exhibited the highest antifungal activity followed by ETE and CWE. Callistemon citrinus, Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils were the most active inhibiting completely radial growth and conidia germination of Phytophtora infestans at 312.5 and 625 µg/ml. Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus inhibited totally the radial growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum at 625 and 312.5 µg/ml respectively. ETE of Ageratum conyzoides and Callistemon citrinus were the most active inhibiting radial growth of Phytophtora infestans. Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum were the most active against radial growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum at 6250 µg/ml. The fungi toxic potential of some extracts was comparable to synthetic fungicides used as positive controls. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ETE and CWE revealed that stronger inhibiting effects were recorded with extracts rich in phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and coumarins. These findings may contribute to develop new green fungicides to protect tomato from Fusarium wilt and late blight diseases

Prevalence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in patients with diarrhoea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Objective: Diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are important causes of diarrhoea in the developing world and, to a lesser extent, inthe developed world. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of the virulence genes specific for five major pathogroups of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in primary cultures from diarrhoeagenic patients in Burkina Faso.Methodology: From September 2016 to Mars 2017, a total of 211 faecal samples from diarrhoeagenic patients from urban hospitals of Ouagadou, Burkina Faso have been analysed. A 16-plex PCR was used to detect simultaneously, the five major DEC pathotypes (enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)).Results: At least one diarrhoeagenic E. Coli pathotype was detected in 31 samples (14.7%) in children and adults with diarrhoea. EAEC was the most common pathotype detected 9.5% (20/211), followed by EIEC2.4% (05/211) and STEC 0.5% (01/211). More than one DEC pathotype were detected in 2.4% (05/211) patients. EPEC and ETEC were not detected in single infection but in co-infection with others pathotypes.Conclusion: DEC, especially enteroaggregative, may be important responsible of diarrhoeas in Burkina Faso from all ages patient.Key Words: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, 16-plex PCR, Burkina Faso, human diarrhoeas stool

Modeling the Cost-Effectiveness of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) System: Meningitis in Burkina Faso

Background: Effective surveillance for infectious diseases is an essential component of public health. There are few studies estimating the cost-effectiveness of starting or improving disease surveillance. We present a cost-effectiveness analysis the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy in Africa. Methodology/Principal Findings: To assess the impact of the IDSR in Africa, we used pre- and post- IDSR meningococcal meningitis surveillance data from Burkina Faso (1996–2002 and 2003–2007). IDSR implementation was correlated with a median reduction of 2 weeks to peak of outbreaks (25 th percentile 1 week; 75 th percentile 4 weeks). IDSR was also correlated with a reduction of 43 meningitis cases per 100,000 (25 th –40: 75 th-129). Assuming the correlations between reductions in time to peak of outbreaks and cases are related, the cost-effectiveness of IDSR was $23 per case averted (25 th-$30; 75 th- cost saving), and $98 per meningitis-related death averted (25 th-$140: 75 th – cost saving). Conclusions/Significance: We cannot absolutely claim that the measured differences were due to IDSR. We believe, however, that it is reasonable to claim that IDSR can improve the cost-effectiveness of public health surveillance

Cost analysis of an integrated disease surveillance and response system: case of Burkina Faso, Eritrea, and Mali

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Communicable diseases are the leading causes of illness, deaths, and disability in sub-Saharan Africa. To address these threats, countries within the World Health Organization (WHO) African region adopted a regional strategy called Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR). This strategy calls for streamlining resources, tools, and approaches to better detect and respond to the region's priority communicable disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incremental costs of establishing and subsequently operating activities for detection and response to the priority diseases under the IDSR.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We collected cost data for IDSR activities at central, regional, district, and primary health care center levels from Burkina Faso, Eritrea, and Mali, countries where IDSR is being fully implemented. These cost data included personnel, transportation items, office consumable goods, media campaigns, laboratory and response materials and supplies, and annual depreciation of buildings, equipment, and vehicles.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Over the period studied (2002–2005), the average cost to implement the IDSR program in Eritrea was $0.16 per capita,$0.04 in Burkina Faso and $0.02 in Mali. In each country, the mean annual cost of IDSR was dependent on the health structure level, ranging from$35,899 to $69,920 at the region level,$10,790 to $13,941 at the district level, and$1,181 to $1,240 at the primary health care center level. The proportions spent on each IDSR activity varied due to demand for special items (e.g., equipment, supplies, drugs and vaccines), service availability, distance, and the epidemiological profile of the country.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study demonstrates that the IDSR strategy can be considered a low cost public health system although the benefits have yet to be quantified. These data can also be used in future studies of the cost-effectiveness of IDSR.</p

Body mass index vs deuterium dilution method for establishing childhood obesity prevalence, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Senegal, Tunisia and United Republic of Tanzania

Objective -- To compare the World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index (BMI)-for-age definition of obesity against measured body fatness in African children. Methods -- In a prospective multicentre study over 2013 to 2017, we recruited 1516 participants aged 8 to 11 years old from urban areas of eight countries (Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Senegal, Tunisia and United Republic of Tanzania). We measured height and weight and calculated BMI-for-age using WHO standards. We measured body fatness using the deuterium dilution method and defined excessive body fat percentage as > 25% in boys and > 30% in girls. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of BMI z-score > +2.00 standard deviations (SD) and used receiver operating characteristic analysis and the Youden index to determine the optimal BMI z-score cut-off for classifying excessive fatness. Findings -- The prevalence of excessive fatness was over three times higher than BMI-for-age-defined obesity: 29.1% (95% CI: 26.8 to 31.4; 441 children) versus 8.8% (95% CI: 7.5 to 10.4; 134 children). The sensitivity of BMI z-score > +2.00 SD was low (29.7%, 95% CI: 25.5 to 34.2) and specificity was high (99.7%, 95% CI: 99.2 to 99.9). The receiver operating characteristic analysis found that a BMI z-score +0.58 SD would optimize sensitivity, and at this cut-off the area under the curve was 0.86, sensitivity 71.9% (95% CI: 67.4 to 76.0) and specificity 91.1% (95% CI: 89.2 to 92.7). Conclusion -- While BMI remains a practical tool for obesity surveillance, it underestimates excessive fatness and this should be considered when planning future African responses to the childhood obesity pandemic

A systematic review on integration mechanisms in human and animal health surveillance systems with a view to addressing global health security threats

Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) targeted for elimination by mass (antifilarial) drug administration. These drugs are predominantly active against the microfilarial progeny of adult worms. New drugs or combinations are needed to improve patient therapy and to enhance the effectiveness of interventions in persistent hotspots of transmission. Several therapies and regimens are currently in (pre-)clinical testing. Clinical trial simulators (CTSs) project patient outcomes to inform the design of clinical trials but have not been widely applied to NTDs, where their resource-saving payoffs could be highly beneficial. We demonstrate the utility of CTSs using our individual-based onchocerciasis transmission model (EPIONCHO-IBM) that projects trial outcomes of a hypothetical macrofilaricidal drug. We identify key design decisions that influence the power of clinical trials, including participant eligibility criteria and post-treatment follow-up times for measuring infection indicators. We discuss how CTSs help to inform target product profiles

Inequities and their determinants in coverage of maternal health services in Burkina Faso

Background: Poor and marginalized segments of society often display the worst health status due to limited access to health enhancing interventions. It follows that in order to enhance the health status of entire populations, inequities in access to health care services need to be addressed as an inherent element of any effort targeting Universal Health Coverage. In line with this observation and the need to generate evidence on the equity status quo in sub-Saharan Africa, we assessed the magnitude of the inequities and their determinants in coverage of maternal health services in Burkina Faso. Methods: We assessed coverage for three basic maternal care services (at least four antenatal care visits, facility-based delivery, and at least one postnatal care visit) using data from a cross-sectional household survey including a total of 6655 mostly rural, poor women who had completed a pregnancy in the 24 months prior to the survey date. We assessed equity along the dimensions of household wealth, distance to the health facility, and literacy using both simple comparative measures and concentration indices. We also ran hierarchical random effects regression to confirm the presence or absence of inequities due to household wealth, distance, and literacy, while controlling for potential confounders. Results: Coverage of facility based delivery was high (89%), but suboptimal for at least four antenatal care visits (44%) and one postnatal care visit (53%). We detected inequities along the dimensions of household wealth, literacy and distance. Service coverage was higher among the least poor, those who were literate, and those living closer to a health facility. We detected a significant positive association between household wealth and all outcome variables, and a positive association between literacy and facility-based delivery. We detected a negative association between living farther away from the catchment facility and all outcome variables. Conclusion: Existing inequities in maternal health services in Burkina Faso are likely going to jeopardize the achievement of Universal Health Coverage. It is important that policy makers continue to strengthen and monitor the implementation of strategies that promote proportionate universalism and forge multi-sectoral approach in dealing with social determinants of inequities in maternal health services coverage