Digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes de dietas contendo farelo da castanha de caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) em caprinos

Foi avaliada a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em dietas contendo farelo da castanha de caju (FCC) e feno de Tifton 85 em diferentes níveis de inclusão. Utilizaram-se doze caprinos com peso vivo inicial de 17,2 kg, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições no tempo. As inclusões de FCC nas dietas foram de 10; 15; 20 e 25% com base na matéria seca (MS). A estimativa da produção fecal foi avaliada por coleta total. A inclusão nas dietas de até 25% de FCC na MS promoveu o aumento (P<0,05) das digestibilidades aparente da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo. As inclusões de FCC ocasionaram decréscimos lineares tanto na digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro quanto da fibra em detergente ácido, nessas porções fibrosas foram encontrados decréscimos de 0,24 e 0,50 unidades percentuais das digestibilidades à cada 1% da inclusão do FCC, respectivamente

Bap (Sil1) regulates the molecular chaperone BiP by coupling release of nucleotide and substrate

BiP is the endoplasmic member of the Hsp70 family. BiP is regulated by several co-chaperones including the nucleotide-exchange factor (NEF) Bap (Sil1 in yeast). Bap is a two-domain protein. The interaction of the Bap C-terminal domain with the BiP ATPase domain is sufficient for its weak NEF activity. However, stimulation of the BiP ATPase activity requires full-length Bap, suggesting a complex interplay of these two factors. Here, single-molecule FRET experiments with mammalian proteins reveal that Bap affects the conformation of both BiP domains, including the lid subdomain, which is important for substrate binding. The largely unstructured Bap N-terminal domain promotes the substrate release from BiP. Thus, Bap is a conformational regulator affecting both nucleotide and substrate interactions. The preferential interaction with BiP in its ADP state places Bap at a late stage of the chaperone cycle, in which it coordinates release of substrate and ADP, thereby resetting BiP for ATP and substrate binding

Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4%), with 3.5% GI and 6.2% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water quality