Calculations of the moon's heat history at different concentrations of radioactive elements taking account of the material differentiation with melting

A mathematical procedure for analyzing the heat conductivity of the lunar surface is discussed. The solution is based on homogeneous and laminated moon models and considers the effects of radioactive elements conveyed to the lunar surface by melting. The various parameters which introduce uncertainties into the numerical analysis are identified. The application of data obtained from radio astronomy and from analyses of lunar samples returned by the Apollo flights is explained. Tables of data are included to show the types and amounts of radioactive materials which have been identified

Calculations of the moon's thermal history at different concentrations of radioactive elements, taking into account differentiation on melting

Calculations of the thermal history of the moon were done by solving the thermal conductivity equation for the case in which the heat sources are the long lived radioactive elements Th, U, and K-40. The concentrations of these elements were adjusted to give 4 variations of heat flow. Calculations indicated that the moon's interior was heated to melting during the first 0.7 to 2.3 x 10 to the 9th power years. The maximum fusion involved practically the entire moon to a distance from 15 to 45 km beneath the surface, and started 3.5 to 4.0 x 10 to the 9th power years ago, or 2.5 x 3.0 x 10 to the 9th power years ago and continued for 1 to 2 x 10 to the 9th power years. The moon today is cooling. The current thickness of the solid crust is from 150 to 200 km and the heat flow exceeds the stationary value 1.5 fold

Manifestation of Huntington's disease pathology in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons

© 2016 Nekrasov et al.Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, which manifests itself as a loss of GABAergic medium spiny (GABA MS) neurons in the striatum and caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene. There is no cure for HD, existing pharmaceutical can only relieve its symptoms. Results: Here, induced pluripotent stem cells were established from patients with low CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, and were then efficiently differentiated into GABA MS-like neurons (GMSLNs) under defined culture conditions. The generated HD GMSLNs recapitulated disease pathology in vitro, as evidenced by mutant huntingtin protein aggregation, increased number of lysosomes/autophagosomes, nuclear indentations, and enhanced neuronal death during cell aging. Moreover, store-operated channel (SOC) currents were detected in the differentiated neurons, and enhanced calcium entry was reproducibly demonstrated in all HD GMSLNs genotypes. Additionally, the quinazoline derivative, EVP4593, reduced the number of lysosomes/autophagosomes and SOC currents in HD GMSLNs and exerted neuroprotective effects during cell aging. Conclusions: Our data is the first to demonstrate the direct link of nuclear morphology and SOC calcium deregulation to mutant huntingtin protein expression in iPSCs-derived neurons with disease-mimetic hallmarks, providing a valuable tool for identification of candidate anti-HD drugs. Our experiments demonstrated that EVP4593 may be a promising anti-HD drug

Клинико-иммунологические аспекты клещевого энцефалита

In this article results of the clinical-immunological analysis with different forms tick-borne encephalitis of Tomsk Region during the period from 2000 to 2008 are represented. The revealled disbalance of cytokines alongside with breach of the expressions cytokines's receptor by limphocytes's cells, can be one of the main of the reasons to inefficiency answer when introducing the infectious agent in organism and shaping the chronic form to infectious pathology, in particular, with long presence of the antigen of the virus tick-borne encephalitis in blood. The trend to increase the level sick with long presence of the antigen of the virus tick-borne encephalitis in blood, with prevalence of the persons feminine flap, mainly average and senior age for the last years is given.Приведены результаты клинико-иммунологического анализа больных с различными формами клещевого энцефалита по Томской области за период с 2000 по 2008 г. Выявленный цитокиновый дисбаланс наряду с нарушением экспрессии цитокиновых рецепторов лимфоцитарными клетками может служить одной из главных причин неэффективности иммунного ответа при внедрении инфекционного агента в организм и формирования хронической формы инфекционной патологии, в частности длительного антигеноносительства вируса клещевого энцефалита. Установлена тенденция к росту числа больных с длительным антигеноносительством вируса клещевого энцефалита с преобладанием среди них лиц женского пола преимущественно среднего и старшего возраста

НАРУШЕНИЯ ЭКСПРЕССИИ МРНК HSP27 И УБИКВИТИНА КАК МЕХАНИЗМ УСКОЛЬЗАНИЯ ОПУХОЛЕВЫХ КЛЕТОК ЛИНИИ JURKAT ОТ АПОПТОЗА

The research objective is to establish the link between heat shock protein 27 and ubiquitin mRNA expression as well as Jukart tumor cell apoptosis.The method of flow cytofluorometry has been used to evaluate apoptosis realization using FITC-labeled annexin V and propidium iodide along with the amount of reactive oxygen species. Spectrofluorimetry has been applied to register the caspase-3 activity. The content of hydroxyl radicals has been determined by spectrophotometry. The level of ubiquitin and heat shock protein 27 mRNA expression has been identified using real-time PCR. Intact Jukart tumor cells and blood lymphocytes of healthy donors served the material for the research.Following the carried out research it has been found out that the fall in the amount of annexin V positive cells and the reduced caspase-3 activity were accompanied by the rise in the content of hydroxyl radicals and reactive oxygen species against the backdrop of the increased heat shock protein 27 and ubiquitin mRNA expression in Jukart tumor cells.Цель исследования – установить взаимосвязь между экспрессией мРНК белка теплового шока 27, убиквитина и реализацией апоптоза в опухолевых клетках линии Jurkat.Методом проточной цитофлюориметрии проводили оценку реализации апоптоза с использованием FITS-меченного аннексина V и пропидия иодида, количества активных форм кислорода, спектро¬флюориметрическим методом регистрировали активность каспазы-3. Содержание гидроксильного радикала определяли спектрофотометрическим методом. Уровень экспрессии мРНК убиквитина и белка теплового шока 27 – с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени. Материалом для исследования служили интактные опухолевые клетки линии Jurkat и лимфоциты крови здоровых доноров.В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что снижение количества аннексин-положительных клеток и активности каспазы-3 сопровождалось увеличением содержания гидроксильного радикала и активных форм кислорода на фоне усиления экспрессии мРНК белка теплового шока 27 и убиквитина в опухолевых клетках линии Jurkat

Перспективы адсорбирующей повязки на основе наноструктурированного графита на рынке перевязочных средств России

The marketing research has been made to find out the outlooks for commercial activities and market entry for the graphitebased adsorbent dressing. The bandage market increase is caused by the wide application, growing requirement and low price. Domestic cheap ineffective bulky dressings prevail on the market but last years the tendency to the gain in sales of innovative, expensive and effective in treatment import bandages is being observed. The new graphite-based adsorbent dressing has good market prospects in connection with the segment increase, low business competition and high demand of modern effective bandages with adsorbent, wound healing and atraumatic properties.Проведено маркетинговое исследование по перспективности коммерциализации и вывода на отечественный рынок перевязочных средств изделия медицинского назначения «Повязка адсорбирующая» на основе наноструктурированного графита. Рост рынка перевязочных материалов обусловлен широким применением, растущей потребностью и невысокой ценой. Рынок характеризуется высокой долей отечественных дешевых, но малоэффективных перевязочных средств. В последние годы наблюдается тенденция к увеличению продаж инновационных, дорогих и эффективных импортных перевязочных средств. Разработанное коллективом авторов новое перевязочное средство имеет хорошие рыночные перспективы в связи с отмечающимся ростом доли сегмента, низкой конкуренцией и высокой востребованностью современных эффективных перевязочных средств, обладающих адсорбирующими, ранозаживляющими и атравматическими свойствами