Proximal tibial osteotomies for the medial compartment arthrosis of the knee: a historical journey

Several proximal tibial osteotomy techniques for the medial compartment arthrosis of the knee are described and traced in their development. These techniques are of the closed wedge, dome and open wedge types. We detail the differences in planning and surgery as well the need for different fixation devices. This historical and technical description will benefit those surgeons wishing to undertake the procedure as an alternative to joint replacement strategies

Level Of Some Heavy Metals In River Ogun, Nigeria

The levels of some heavy metals in River Ogun were investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer '' (AAS). Metals analyzed were Cd, Co, Cu, Cr. Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn; in order to know how healthy the medium for human consumption is. The results showed that the mean concentration of these heavy metals were 1.14 mg [1 cadmium, 1.11 mg [ 1 cobalt, 0. 32 mg [1 for copper, 0. 77 mg [ 1 chromium, 20.54 mg [ 1 iron, 2. 45 mg [1 manganese, 3.53 mg [1 lead and 1.61 mg [ 1 zinc. These results were compared with the WHO standard guidelines; and discharge of untreated industrial wastes and occupational wastes from dyeing activities, into the river responsible the level of pollution of River Ogun

Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Some Selected Heavy Metals via Drinking Water from Dadinkowa Dam and River Gombe Abba in Gombe State, Northeast Nigeria

Abstract The concentrations of eight heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in water from Dadinkowa dam and Kwadon boreholes which are the major sources of drinking water to Gombe town in Gombe State, North-East, Nigeria. The concentrations of metals in water from Dadinkowa dam were in the order: Fe (1.86mg/l), Mn(0.68mg/l), Cu(0.92mg/l), Pb(0.19mg/l), Cd(0.50mg/l), Ni(0.59mg/l), Co(0.42mg/l) and Zn(0.83mg/l).The concentrations of the metals in water from Gombe Abba River were in the order Fe(0.21 mg/l), Mn (0.24 mg/l), Cu (0.29 mg/l), Pb (0.02 mg/l), Cd (0.10 mg/l), Ni( 0.04 mg/l), Co(0.12 mg/l) and Zn (0.41 mg/l). The human health risk assessment was performed by determining the chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) of the metals through human oral consumption for both adults and children. The HQ of iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt in water from Dadinkowa dam were all greater than unity and thus pose a potential health risk for both adults and children while cobalt was the only heavy metal of concern in water from Gombe Abba River as its HQ was greater than unity. The THI of water from all the sampled sites assessed were of high risk. Further monitoring of these sites is recommended as well as research by biomedical experts to reveal the exact adverse effects that heavy metal contamination of water might induce in humans, particularly among individuals in vulnerable populations such as children

Transcriptional profiling of interleukin-2-primed human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells revealed dramatic changes in stem cells response imposed by replicative senescence

Inflammation is a double-edged sword with both detrimental and beneficial consequences. Understanding of the mechanisms of crosstalk between the inflammatory milieu and human adult mesenchymal stem cells is an important basis for clinical efforts. Here, we investigate changes in the transcriptional response of human adipose-derived stem cells to physiologically relevant levels of IL-2 (IL-2 priming) upon replicative senescence. Our data suggest that replicative senescence might dramatically impede human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) function via global transcriptional deregulation in response to IL-2. We uncovered a novel senescence-associated transcriptional signature in human adipose-derived MSCs hADSCs after exposure to pro-inflammatory environment: significant enhancement of the expression of the genes encoding potent growth factors and cytokines with anti-inflammatory and migration-promoting properties, as well as genes encoding angiogenic and antiapoptotic promoting factors, all of which could participate in the establishment of a unique microenvironment. We observed transcriptional up-regulation of critical components of the nitric oxide synthase pathway (iNOS) in hADSCs upon replicative senescence suggesting, that senescent stem cells can acquire metastasis-promoting properties via stem cell-mediated immunosuppression. Our study highlights the importance of age as a factor when designing cell-based or pharmacological therapies for older patients and predicts measurable biomarkers characteristic of an environment that is conducive to cancer cells invasiveness and metastasis.LM and BGG was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF 2010-15239) to BGG and. LMP are supported by FPI fellowships from the Spanish Ministry, and BGG acknowledges support from the ``Ramon y Cajal´´ tenure track programme from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2009-04669). AS and AA are fellows of Bolashak International Scholarship, AA, AN, AS are sponsored by KazNMU sponsored program.S

Review

Previous surgical procedures devised for intractable pain are the excision of painful area of the skin, peripheral neurotomy, intraspinal or intracranial posterior rhizotomies, anterolateral spinal cordotomy, spinothalamic tractotomy at medulla and mesencephalon for the pain of organic origin, and the prefrontal lobotomy for psychogenic pain. Unfortunately, these procedures are followed either by disturbance of physiologic sensory function or by changes of affect and personality. Partial gasserian gangliolysis successfully alleviated the trigeminal neuralgia without significant sensory disturbance of the face. Recent advances in stereotaxic technique has enabled us to attack the thalamus and other deep subcortical centers. This new method, together with recent neuroanatomico-physiological progress in regard to pain tract through intralaminar nuclear complex, resulted in discovery of thalamotomy destroying the nucleus centrum medianum with or without adjacent intralaminar nuclei, which eliminates the organic pain without any detectable sensory deficit. Anterior cingulectomy or cingulumotomy has developed to alleviate the psychogenic pain without psychological changes. These are the ideal pain-relieving procedures. A new method of percutaneous cervical cordotomy can be safely used for the debilitated patients with terminal malignant diseases

Isolation and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals obtained from sugarcane peel by SEM, XRD and CP/MAS 13NMR

Sugarcane peels are agricultural waste materials discarded before taking the sugarcane juice. In the present study cellulose nanocrystal was isolated from sugarcane peel by sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Two pretreatments; alkaline treatment and bleaching with acidified sodium chlorite were applied. Sulphuric acid hydrolysis was performed at 450C for 45 mins using 64% concentration sulphuric acid. The resulting cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) of the sugarcane peel was characterised by studying the surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM-EDX was used to identify the elemental composition of the sample. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was studied to identify the crystallinity nature of the CNC. CP/MAS 13C solid- state NMR was used to evaluate the purity and molecular structure of the CNC. The SEM image of the nanocrystal showed that the fibre bundles were separated into individual CNC; with the size decreasing to a nanosize indicating an effective removal of the amorphous region. EDX showed the presence of 0.93 wt% of elemental sulphur impurity with the major components (carbon and oxygen). XRD diffraction pattern showed that the CNC retained the cellulose crystalline structure with crystallinity index of 99.22% and crystallite particle size dimension of 5.56 nm. The NMR spectra of the CNC revealed that all the signals were attributed to six carbon atoms of the glucose unit and the disappearance of several signals also indicated the disruption of the amorphous region. The results revealed effective synthesis of CNC from sugarcane peel, suggesting the leaching of the amorphous domain, apparent crystallinity and purity of the CNC. The cellulose nanocrystal obtained is considered to be a potential material for various industrial applications

Sensor Data Collection through Unmanned Aircraft Gateways

Current addressing and service discovery schemes in mobile networks are not well-suited to multihop disconnected networks. This paper describes an implementation of a highly mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) that may never experience end-to-end connectivity. Spe-cial gateway nodes are described which are responsible for intelligently routing messages to their intended destination(s). These gateway nodes qualify their links and announce their status to the MANET, a simple approach to service discovery that is effective in this implementation. This implementation has been tested in an outdoor environment. I