DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF LENVATINIB IN HUMAN PLASMA

Objective: This study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the quantification of lenvatinib (LT) in human plasma.Methods: A simple, sensitive and specific LC–MS/MS method was developed for quantification of LT in human plasma using LTD4 as internal standard (IS). The analytical method consists of liquid–liquid extraction of plasma sample followed by the determination of LT by a LC–MS/MS. The analyte was separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (150×4.6 mm, 5 μ) column with an isocratic mobile phase of acetontrile:0.1% formic acid (80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/minutes. The protonated ions were formed by a turbolon spray in a positive mode were used to detect analyte and IS. The MS/MS detection was made by monitoring the fragmentation of m/z 427.10→370.10 for LT and m/z 430.30→370.10 for IS on a MS.Result: The method was validated with the correlation coefficients of (r2) ≥0.995 over a linear concentration range of 10.20-501.60 pg/mL. This method demonstrated intra- and inter-day precision within 1.06-2.42% and 0.03-0.55% and accuracy within 95.64-100.08% and 97.16-100.07%.Conclusion: This method is suitable and convenient to pharmacokinetics and bioavailability studies for estimation of LT in biological samples by LC–MS/MS

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECTS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS OF LEVOCETIRIZINE, RUPATADINE AND MOMETASONE IN PATIENTS OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS

Aim: To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Rupatadine and mometasone with Levocetirizine which is most commonly used drug. To study the effects of levocetirizine, Rupatadine and mometasone on absolute eosinophil count and IgE levels. Methodology: The participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 25 patients each and treated as follows: Group I: were treated with Levocetirizine 5mg OD for 14 days, Group II: were treated with Rupatadine 10mg OD for 14 days, Group III: were treated with Mometasone two sprays (50mcg of mometasone in each spray) in each nostril once daily (total daily dose of 200mcg) for 14 days. The patients were asked to report at the hospital after 14 day and they were followed up with regard to clinical improvement of symptoms and signs and any adverse effects as reported by the patient. Rhinoscopy finding, X- ray of para nasal sinus, improvement in symptoms (sneezing, Itching, nasal discharge, nasal blockage and anosmia) Absolute eosinophils count, Serum IgE levels and adverse reports were studied and investigation were compared before and after treatment. Result: Rhinoscope finding showed treatment with mometasone became normal but X- Ray of para nasal sinus results showed levocetirzine showed higher rate of improvement. In improvement of symptoms sneezing, itching and nasal discharge was high mometasone. In all groups post treatment there was no changes in Ig E and Absolute Eosinophils count. ADR reported with mometaxone. Conclusion: The three drugs, levocetirizine, rupatadine and mometasone were found to have similar levels of efficacy in controlling the symptoms of the allergic rhinitis. The physical signs improved better with mometasone than the other 2 drugs. The 3 drugs levocetirizine, rupatadine and mometasone had no significant effect on the absolute eosinophil count and the serum IgE levels. Adverse effects were found to be more with levocetirizine than the other two drugs. Considering this factor and also the fact that long term use of corticosteroids like mometasone is undesirable, rupatadine appears to be a better choice in the treatment of allergic rhinitis

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECTS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS OF LEVOCETIRIZINE, RUPATADINE AND MOMETASONE IN PATIENTS OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS

Aim: To compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Rupatadine and mometasone with Levocetirizine which is most commonly used drug. To study the effects of levocetirizine, Rupatadine and mometasone on absolute eosinophil count and IgE levels. Methodology: The participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 25 patients each and treated as follows: Group I: were treated with Levocetirizine 5mg OD for 14 days, Group II: were treated with Rupatadine 10mg OD for 14 days, Group III: were treated with Mometasone two sprays (50mcg of mometasone in each spray) in each nostril once daily (total daily dose of 200mcg) for 14 days. The patients were asked to report at the hospital after 14 day and they were followed up with regard to clinical improvement of symptoms and signs and any adverse effects as reported by the patient. Rhinoscopy finding, X- ray of para nasal sinus, improvement in symptoms (sneezing, Itching, nasal discharge, nasal blockage and anosmia) Absolute eosinophils count, Serum IgE levels and adverse reports were studied and investigation were compared before and after treatment. Result: Rhinoscope finding showed treatment with mometasone became normal but X- Ray of para nasal sinus results showed levocetirzine showed higher rate of improvement. In improvement of symptoms sneezing, itching and nasal discharge was high mometasone. In all groups post treatment there was no changes in Ig E and Absolute Eosinophils count. ADR reported with mometaxone. Conclusion: The three drugs, levocetirizine, rupatadine and mometasone were found to have similar levels of efficacy in controlling the symptoms of the allergic rhinitis. The physical signs improved better with mometasone than the other 2 drugs. The 3 drugs levocetirizine, rupatadine and mometasone had no significant effect on the absolute eosinophil count and the serum IgE levels. Adverse effects were found to be more with levocetirizine than the other two drugs. Considering this factor and also the fact that long term use of corticosteroids like mometasone is undesirable, rupatadine appears to be a better choice in the treatment of allergic rhinitis

ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF CIPROFLOXACIN, AZITHROMYCIN AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM ON CARRAGEENAN INDUCED HIND PAW EDEMA IN MICE

Background: Obviously, antibacterial agents are primarily directed against bacteria. However, because microorganisms can initiate an exaggerated inflammatory reaction, and as pathogens which persist in cryptic reservoirs (cells or granuloma tissue) can be the underlying cause of chronic inflammation, the hypothesis that antibacterials can down regulate inflammation. Methodology: Healthy adult mice weighing 20 - 30 g and aged 6-8 weeks, each group 6 mice were included. 1% carrageenan administered to produce inflammation. Grouping: Group 1: Normal saline 0.2 ml. i.p., Group 2: Diclofenac sodium 25mg/kg, Group 3 Ciprofloxacin 50 mg/kg, Group 4: Azithromycin 20mg/kg. Drugs were administered Intra Peritoneal. After 30 min of test drugs administration each group of mice were received subplantar administration of 0.05ml of saline (Control) or 0.05ml carrageenan (1%) for test groups 2 to 4. Paw volumes were measured by dipping in to the mercury plethysmograph at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes and results were tabulated. Results: Diclofenac, ciproflaoxin, Azithromycin inhibited paw edema in % at 30min 42.85, 28.55, 14.28, at 60min 75, 50, 25, at 120min 71.42, 42.85, 14.28, and at 180 min 50, 50, 25 respectively. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin (50mg/kg) has exhibited consistent anti-inflammatory, but the anti-inflammatory activity of is less than that of Diclofenac sodium and Azithromycin also has exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, though much less when compared to Diclofenac sodium and Ciprofloxacin. Key words: Anti inflammatory effect; Azithromycin; Ciprofloxacin; Diclofenac Sodium; Paw edema; Mice

ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF CIPROFLOXACIN, AZITHROMYCIN AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM ON CARRAGEENAN INDUCED HIND PAW EDEMA IN MICE

Background: Obviously, antibacterial agents are primarily directed against bacteria. However, because microorganisms can initiate an exaggerated inflammatory reaction, and as pathogens which persist in cryptic reservoirs (cells or granuloma tissue) can be the underlying cause of chronic inflammation, the hypothesis that antibacterials can down regulate inflammation. Methodology: Healthy adult mice weighing 20 - 30 g and aged 6-8 weeks, each group 6 mice were included. 1% carrageenan administered to produce inflammation. Grouping: Group 1: Normal saline 0.2 ml. i.p., Group 2: Diclofenac sodium 25mg/kg, Group 3 Ciprofloxacin 50 mg/kg, Group 4: Azithromycin 20mg/kg. Drugs were administered Intra Peritoneal. After 30 min of test drugs administration each group of mice were received subplantar administration of 0.05ml of saline (Control) or 0.05ml carrageenan (1%) for test groups 2 to 4. Paw volumes were measured by dipping in to the mercury plethysmograph at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes and results were tabulated. Results: Diclofenac, ciproflaoxin, Azithromycin inhibited paw edema in % at 30min 42.85, 28.55, 14.28, at 60min 75, 50, 25, at 120min 71.42, 42.85, 14.28, and at 180 min 50, 50, 25 respectively. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin (50mg/kg) has exhibited consistent anti-inflammatory, but the anti-inflammatory activity of is less than that of Diclofenac sodium and Azithromycin also has exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, though much less when compared to Diclofenac sodium and Ciprofloxacin. Key words: Anti inflammatory effect; Azithromycin; Ciprofloxacin; Diclofenac Sodium; Paw edema; Mice

Effect of Carbon nanotubes/nanofibers Reinforcement on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of CFRPs

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were purified to ultra high purity levels (99.9%) by high temperature (26000C) heat treatment method. It was observed that, the structural perfection of MWCNTs increased besides improvement in their purity. Based on the TGA, XRD, TEM and Raman spectroscopy studies mechanisms are proposed for the observed structural changes to MWCNTs. These mechanisms says that, during high temperature treatment, the innermost walls of the MWCNTs collapse due to thermal stresses. However, it was observed that, as long as some traces of the metallic impurities are present, they suppress the collapse of the internal walls. Once the metallic impurities are removed, structural distortion of MWCNTs takes place. It was observed that heat treatment for 60 mins is optimum to obtain highly pure and structurally perfect MWCNTs. These purified MWCNTs were subsequently amino functionalised. FT-IR and XPS methods were used to ascertain the functional groups present on the MWCNTs

Effect of carbon nanofibre addition on the mechanical properties of different Vf carbon-epoxy composites

Carbon-epoxy (C-epoxy) laminated composites having different fibre volume fractions (40, 50, 60 and 70) were fabricated with and without the addition of aminofunctionalized carbon nanofibres (A-CNF). Flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and tensile strength of the composite laminates were determined. It was observed that, the ability of A-CNF to enhance the mechanical properties of C-epoxy diminished significantly as the fibre volume fraction (Vf) of the C-epoxy increased from 40 to 60. At 70Vf, the mechanical properties of the ACNF reinforced C-epoxy were found to be lower compared to the C-epoxy composite made without the addition of A-CNF. In this paper suitable mechanisms for the observed trends are proposed on the basis of the fracture modes of the composite

Review—Machine Learning Techniques in Wireless Sensor Network Based Precision Agriculture

The use of sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) is key to moving the world\u27s agriculture to a more productive and sustainable path. Recent advancements in IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have the potential to address some of the environmental, economic, and technical challenges as well as opportunities in this sector. As the number of interconnected devices continues to grow, this generates more big data with multiple modalities and spatial and temporal variations. Intelligent processing and analysis of this big data are necessary to developing a higher level of knowledge base and insights that results in better decision making, forecasting, and reliable management of sensors. This paper is a comprehensive review of the application of different machine learning algorithms in sensor data analytics within the agricultural ecosystem. It further discusses a case study on an IoT based data-driven smart farm prototype as an integrated food, energy, and water (FEW) system

Effect Of Nanoclay On The Toughness Of Epoxy And Mechanical, Impact Properties Of E-glass-epoxy Composites

Organically modified montimorillonite nanoclay was added to the epoxy and E-glass-epoxy composites. The influence of nanoclay content (varied between 0 to 5wt %) on the relative crosslink density and the fracture toughness of the epoxy matrix was studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the amino functional groups present on the nanoclay react with the epoxy matrix to increase the crosslink density of about 13 and 18% at 3 and 5wt% addition, respectively. The toughness of the epoxy composites increased by 25% at 3wt% addition of nanoclay, whereas, it decreases at 5wt%. Flexural strength and tensile strength of the E-glass-epoxy composites were found to increase by 12% and 11% respectively at 3wt% addition of nanoclay, while at 5wt% addition these properties decreased due to the matrix embrittlement. Interestingly matrix embrittlement is found to be beneficial in increasing the impact resistance due to spallation of embrittled matrix that ensures the dissipation of the impact energy. 5wt% nanoclay addition increases the impact strength by 29% and reduces the back face bulge of composite by 31%. These results may lead to the design and realization of glass-epoxy composites with better impact strength

The Glass Transition and Liquid-Gas Spinodal Boundaries of Metastable Liquids

A liquid can exist under conditions of thermodynamic stability or metastability within boundaries defined by the liquid-gas spinodal and the glass transition line. The relationship between these boundaries has been investigated previously using computer simulations, the energy landscape formalism, and simplified model calculations. We calculate these stability boundaries semi-analytically for a model glass forming liquid, employing accurate liquid state theory and a first-principles approach to the glass transition. These boundaries intersect at a finite temperature, consistent with previous simulation-based studies.Comment: Minor text revisions. Fig.s 4, 5 update