A study of Korean syntax.

The aim of this thesis is to describe the basic syntactic structure of standard Korean in formal terms. The thesis opens with an introduction, Chapter I, to the general background of the Korean language, its alphabet, the dialect chosen for analysis, followed by a discussion of the scope of analysis. In Chapter II, Phonology, a brief summary of the Korean phonological system and a phonetic description of the Korean phonemes are given. Then there follows a discussion of the intonation system and the type of transcription employed in the thesis. This is followed by Chapter III, Word classes, in which six main word classes and their sub-classes necessary for the subsequent syntactic description are set up by formal criteria. Chapter IV, Verb structure, is entirely devoted to a discussion of the internal structure of the verb with special emphasis on inflection, by virtue of which the verb can function at every level in the grammatical hierarchy. In Chapter V, Phrase, three different types of phrase are distinguished and their syntactic functions in other structures, according to which they are distinguished, are described. This is followed by Chapter VI, Clause, where two main clause types are distinguished by syntactic and/or morphological criteria: Final clause and Non-final clause. Final clauses are further divided into six sub-types according to the type of predicate and the elements found in them. On the other hand, non-final clauses are subdivided into (a) Nominal, (b) Adjectival, and (c) Adverbial clauses on the basis of their syntactic functions. The thesis ends with Chapter VIII, Sentence, where Major and Minor sentence types are distinguished according to the presence and absence of a final clause. The Major type sentences are classified into four sentence categories according to the mood suffixes found with the verb and/or the intonation time employed

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Late Fall-Applied Urea and Pig Slurry for Regrowth of Perennial Ryegrass Sward

Pig slurry is the most important organic resource in Korea, as estimated to be more than 15% of recycled animal manure. The use of pig slurry as an alternative organic fertilizer is the most viable recycling option as it is produced in large amount on pig farms that has usually less or not surface for cultivation of forage crops in Korea. Perennial grasses in grassland system regrow successively after harvests by cutting or grazing. The regrowth yield at each harvest would be a crucial determinant for the productivity of sward. During vegetative regrowth, soil mineral N and N reserves meet the N requirements for shoot regrowth. The aims of this study are to estimate the N use efficiency of urea and pig slurry applied at late fall in relation to the N availability for restoring organic reserves and constructing ultimate regrowth biomass during successive three cycle of regrowth of perennial ryegrass sward

S Nutrition Is Involved in Alleviation of Damage of Photosynthetic Organelles by Salt Stress in Kentucky Bluegrass (\u3cem\u3ePoa pratensis\u3c/em\u3e L.)

Salt-stress is considered as one of the major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. It has been well reported that salt stress induce the reduction of stomatal density and number leading to poor gaseous exchange which resulted in decrease of photosynthesis is associated with inhibition of several enzymes related to the Calvin cycle such as RuBisCo. In addition, salt stress decreases photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoid which has important role in photosynthesis. Sulfur (S) is one of six macronutrients needed for proper plant growth and development. In our previous work, we found that sulfur nutrition has significant role in ameliorating the damaged in photosynthetic organelles caused by Fe-deficiency in oilseed rape (Muneer et al., 2014). In addition, application of sulfur mitigated the adverse effects of heavy metals stress by enhancing plant growth, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. Despite extensive researches attempting to elucidate the interactions between external sulfur supplies and stress tolerance, to our knowledge, the responses of the photosynthetic mechanism to combined S deficiency and salt stress have not yet been fully investigated. In this study, therefore, we hypothesized that S nutrition affects photosynthetic organs to salt stress, so that may involve in alleviating negative impact of salt stress in Kentucky bluegrass. To test this hypothesis, the responses of photosynthetic parameters, thylakoid protein complexes and ion uptake were compared for 21 days of four S and salt stress combined treatments; sulfur sufficient without salt stress (+S/non-salt, control), present of sulfur with salt stress (+S/salt), sulfur deprivation without salt stress (-S/non-salt) and sulfur deprivation and salt stress (-S/salt)

Comparative Sulfur Use Efficiency and Water Stress Tolerance in Two \u3cem\u3eBrassica napus\u3c/em\u3e Cultivars

S-deficiency and/or S-deprivation decreases the cell sap osmotic potential resulting from a net increase of intracellular solutes rather than from a loss of cell water and chlorophyll content resulting in a restriction of Rubisco synthesis and provoked the chlorosis of young leaves (Lee et al., 2014; Muneer et al., 2014). These imply that S-deficiency results in a general inhibition of photosynthesis and protein synthesis. On the other hand, several studies have indicated that S nutrition has a potential role in stress tolerance and defense mechanism. Sulfur is an essential element in the formation of sulfhydryl (S-H) and disulphide bond (S-S). These bonds are important for the stabilization of protein structures. In this context, the roles of S nutrition in alleviating negative responses to salinity stress (Fatma et al., 2014) and iron deficiency (Muneer et al., 2014) have been widely reported. In this study, we hypothesized that cultivar variation in sulfur use efficiency (SUE) under Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress may be attributed to S-uptake efficiency (SUpE; S uptake per S supplied), and that the genotype having higher SUE is more tolerant to PEG-induced water stress. To test this hypothesis, direct quantifications of S uptake was done by a 34S tracing method. The responses of photosynthetic activity-related parameters to PEG-induced water stress were also assessed in relation to SUE in two B. napus cultivars

Time Allocation of Working Mothers with Preschool Children: Juggling Time between Work and Care

Mothers labor market participation has increased significantly in Korea. This article explores how working mothers in Korea with children under the age of six allocate their time in order to spend time with children, and what substitutes they rely on when they are unable to provide childcare. Mothers who participate in the labor market have begun to narrow the gap in child-care time between themselves and mothers who are full-time homemakers; they often compensate for insufficient care time during the week by increasing care time on weekends and increasing the quality of time spent with their children. Substitute caregivers include grandparents and, to a much lesser extent, fathers, but the burden of childcare has not been effectively shared within the family, and working mothers continue to face significant time pressure

CONTENTS

PURPOSE:Patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) have been suggested to have an increased risk of lung cancer. We conducted a systematic review of all published data and performed a meta-analysis to define the characteristics of lung cancer that develops in CPFE. METHOD:We searched Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane to find original articles about lung cancer and CPFE published prior to September 2015. All titles/abstracts were reviewed by two radiologists to identify articles that used predefined selection criteria. Summary estimates were generated using a random-effect model and odds ratios (ORs) to develop squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were obtained for the survival of patients with CPFE and non-CPFE. RESULTS:Nine original articles that assessed 620 patients were included in this review. In the pooled data, patients were older age (70.4 years), almost all were heavy smokers (53.5 pack years), and males were predominant (92.6%). SqCC was the most common type (42.3%), followed by adenocarcinoma (34.4%). Compared with lung cancer population with an otherwise normal lung, the OR to develop SqCC in CPFE was 9.06 (95% CI, 6.08-13.5). The ORs in CPFE compared with lung cancers that developed in lungs with fibrosis or emphysema were also higher. The median survival for CPFE patients with lung cancer (19.5 months) was significantly shorter than in non-CPFE (53.1 months). CONCLUSIONS:Lung cancer in CPFE, most commonly SqCC, presents in elderly heavy smokers with a male predominance. The median survival for CPFE patients with lung cancer is 19.5 months

The Influence of Tibial Positioning on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Combined Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Knee

Background: To determine if tibial positioning affects the external rotation of the tibia in a dial test for posterolateral rotatory instability combined with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries. Methods: Between April 2007 and October 2007, 16 patients with a PCL tear and posterolateral rotatory instability were diagnosed using a dial test. The thigh-foot angle was measured at both 30 ° and 90 ° of knee fl exion with an external rotation stress applied to the tibia in 2 different positions (reduction and posterior subluxation). The measurements were performed twice by 2 orthopedic surgeons. Results: In posterior subluxation, the mean side-to-side difference in the thigh-foot angle was 11.56 ± 3.01 ° at 30 ° of knee fl exion and 11.88 ± 4.03 ° at 90 ° of knee flexion. In the sequential dial test performed with the tibia reduced, the mean side-to-side difference was 15.94 ± 4.17 ° (p < 0.05) at 30 ° of knee fl exion and 16.88 ± 4.42 ° (p = 0.001) at 90 ° of knee fl exion. The mean tibial external rotation was 5.31 ± 2.86 ° and 6.87 ± 3.59 ° higher in the reduced position than in the posterior subluxation at both 30° and 90 ° of knee fl exion. Conclusions: In the dial test, reducing the tibia with an anterior force increases the ability of an examiner to detect posterolateral rotary instability of the knee combined with PCL injuries

Under-reporting of Energy Intake from 24-hour Dietary Recalls in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

AbstractObjectivesChronic degenerative diseases are closely related to daily eating habits, nutritional status, and, in particular, energy intake. In clarifying these relationships it is very important for dietary surveys to report accurate information about energy intake. This study attempted to identify the prevalence of the under-reporting of energy intake and its related characteristics based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in the years 2007–2009.MethodsThe present study analyzed dietary intake data from 15,133 adults aged ≥19 years using 24-hour dietary recalls. Basal metabolic rates were calculated from the age- and gender-specific equations of Schofield and under-reporting was defined as an energy intake <0.9, represented by the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate.ResultsUnder-reporters (URs) accounted for 14.4% of men and 23.0% of women and the under-reporting rate was higher in the age group 30–49 years for both men and women. The results from an analysis of the age-specific socioeconomic characteristics of participants classified as URs showed that under-reporting was high in women living alone and in women with only elementary school education or no education. The results from an analysis of the health-specific characteristics of URs showed that a large proportion of URs had poor self-rated health or were obese, or both, compared with non-URs. The proportion of participants who consumed less than the estimated average requirements for nutrients was significantly higher in URs compared with non-URs.ConclusionThe under-reporting of energy intake was associated with age, gender, education level, income level, household status (single-person or multi-person), self-rated health, physical activity, and obesity