Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Demersal Dengan Pancing Dasar Di Teluk Nalahia, Maluku Tengah

Small scale fisheries are commonly multi-species fisheries practice which targeting on varied species and sizes that provide better income using multi-gear. Yet, tropical fisheries management more focuses on single-species management including studies to support the management. In this study, we analyzed the catch of hand line using multi-species approachment, size abundance spectrum. Hand line with hook size 13 and 15, 64 individual were collected during 10 trips of fishing at Nalahia Bay. Represented of 34 species from 15 family, the catch of hand line has ecological function from herbivores to piscivores, 2 to 4.5 of trophic level. Abundance size spectrum of hand line showed that Nalahia Bay comprehends  high diversity of demersal fish and hand lines exploit proportionally to the available productivity

UPAYA MENJAGA KESINAMBUNGAN PERIKANAN TUNA MADIDIHANG DI DESA TULEHU, KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Yellowfin tuna is the leading prima donna in the capture fisheries sector in Maluku Province with a total national contribution of the two foreign exchange earners. The increase in production volume has not been able to meet the increasing demand for regional and global markets. This has led to an increase in fishing intensity in almost all Indonesian waters. Especially in Maluku. The increasing intensity of fishing causes yellowfin tuna to experience fishing pressure which can result in a decrease in stock size, both individual size and population size. The method used is the delivery of theoretical material and interactive discussions to fishermen. The results of the counseling on efforts to maintain the sustainability of the yellowfin tuna fisheries show that the community understands the importance of the availability of catch data both in the number and size of fish caught. The community must also participate in efforts to limit the number of fish caught because it is a wise thing to provide opportunities for fish to reproduce. This counseling is a very relevant suggestion to the condition of the available yellowfin tuna fishery resource

PROFIL DAN PERSEPSI NELAYAN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN HASIL TANGKAPAN IKAN PERAIRAN PANTAI DI TELUK AMBON

Nelayan mengetahui sumberdaya laut secara rinci, juga lingkungan mereka dan aktifitas penangkapan yang mereka lalukan, dan pengetahuan ini jarang dikoleksi secara sistimatik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji persepsi nelayan terhadap perubahan hasil tangkapan dan penyebabnya. Kami mewawancarai nelayan pantai Haive Besar dengan menggunakan kuisioner yang sifatnya semi terstruktur. Informasi pribadi nelayan seperti umur dan pengalaman menangkap ikan, aktifitas penangkapan seperti alat yang digunakan dan daerah penangkapan, serta pengetahuan mereka tentang perubahan ekosistem menjadi topik pertanyaan di dalam kuisioner. Nelayan dengan usia karir menengah (21-35 tahun) lebih banyak dibandingkan nelayan usia karir muda dan karir tua. Nelayan mendeteksi perubahan pada ekosistem daerah penangkapan mereka seperti banyaknya sampah, limbah minyak, rusak dan berkurangnya habitat karang dan lamun serta kekeruhan. Dampak yang nelayan rasakan adalah hasil tangkapan yang semakin berkurang bahkan tidak ada lagi. Persepsi nelayan terhadap perubahan ekosistem dan hasil tangkapan mereka menjadi dasar bagi penelitian selanjutnya seperti fisheries assessment. FISHERS’ PROFILE AND PERCEPTION ON THE SHIFTING OF CATCH ON THE COAST OF AMBON BAY. Fishers have detailed knowledge of their resources, their environment, and their fishing practices that is rarely systematically collected. This study was undertaken to examine perceptions of fishers on the shifting of catch and the occasion of the changing. We conducted an interview with coastal Hative Besar fishers using a semi-structured questioner. Fishers’ profiles such as age and years at fishery, gears and fishing grounds was one part of the questions. Other part was fishers’ ecological knowledge focused on environmental condition and shifting catch. More fishers with middle career (21-35 year in fishery) than young and old careers were interviewed. Environmental changes included waste in the water, oil, corals and seagrasses degradation, and turbidity affected the catch of fishers. Fish became difficult to be found. We learn from this study that fishers’ perception is an important tool for further fisheries assessment study

Meeting Report: WHO Workshop on modelling global mortality and aetiology estimates of enteric pathogens in children under five. Cape Town, 28-29th November 2018.

Investment in vaccine product development should be guided by up-to-date and transparent global burden of disease estimates, which are also fundamental to policy recommendation and vaccine introduction decisions. For low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), vaccine prioritization is primarily driven by the number of deaths caused by different pathogens. Enteric diseases are known to be a major cause of death in LMICs. The two main modelling groups providing mortality estimates for enteric diseases are the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, Seattle and the Maternal Child Epidemiology Estimation (MCEE) group, led by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Whilst previous global diarrhoea mortality estimates for under five-year-olds from these two groups were closely aligned, more recent estimates for 2016 have diverged, particularly with respect to numbers of deaths attributable to different enteric pathogens. This has impacted prioritization and investment decisions for vaccines in the development pipeline. The mission of the Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) at the World Health Organisation (WHO) is to accelerate product development of vaccines and technologies that are urgently needed and ensure they are appropriately targeted for use in LMICs. At their 2018 meeting, PDVAC recommended the formation of an independent working group of subject matter experts to explore the reasons for the difference between the IHME and MCEE estimates, and to assess the respective strengths and limitations of the estimation approaches adopted, including a review of the data on which the estimates are based. Here, we report on the proceedings and recommendations from a consultation with the working group of experts, the IHME and MCEE modelling groups, and other key stakeholders. We briefly review the methodological approaches of both groups and provide a series of proposals for investigating the drivers for the differences in enteric disease burden estimates

Work and Health, a Blind Spot in Curative Healthcare? A Pilot Study

Introduction Most workers with musculoskeletal disorders on sick leave often consult with regular health care before entering a specific work rehabilitation program. However, it remains unclear to what extent regular healthcare contributes to the timely return to work (RTW). Moreover, several studies have indicated that it might postpone RTW. There is a need to establish the influence of regular healthcare on RTW as outcome; “Does visiting a regular healthcare provider influence the duration of sickness absence and recurrent sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders?”. Methods A cohort of workers on sick leave for 2–6 weeks due to a-specific musculoskeletal disorders was followed for 12 months. The main outcomes for the present analysis were: duration of sickness absence till 100% return to work and recurrent sick leave after initial RTW. Cox regression analyses were conducted with visiting a general health practitioner, physical therapist, or medical specialist during the sick leave period as independent variables. Each regression model was adjusted for variables known to influence health care utilization like age, sex, diagnostic group, pain intensity, functional disability, general health perception, severity of complaints, job control, and physical load at work. Results Patients visiting a medical specialist reported higher pain intensity and more functional limitations and also had a worse health perception at start of the sick leave period compared with those not visiting a specialist. Visiting a medical specialist delayed return to work significantly (HR = 2.10; 95%CI 1.43–3.07). After approximately 8 weeks on sick leave workers visiting a physical therapist returned to work faster than other workers. A recurrent episode of sick leave during the follow up quick was initiated by higher pain intensity and more functional limitations at the moment of fully return to work. Visiting a primary healthcare provider during the sickness absence period did not influence the occurrence of a new sick leave period. Conclusion Despite the adjustment for severity of the musculoskeletal disorder, visiting a medical specialist was associated with a delayed full return to work. More attention to the factor ‘labor’ in the regular healthcare is warranted, especially for those patients experiencing substantial functional limitations due to musculoskeletal disorders

GRADE Guidelines 30: the GRADE approach to assessing the certainty of modeled evidence—An overview in the context of health decision-making

Objectives: The objective of the study is to present the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) conceptual approach to the assessment of certainty of evidence from modeling studies (i.e., certainty associated with model outputs). / Study Design and Setting: Expert consultations and an international multidisciplinary workshop informed development of a conceptual approach to assessing the certainty of evidence from models within the context of systematic reviews, health technology assessments, and health care decisions. The discussions also clarified selected concepts and terminology used in the GRADE approach and by the modeling community. Feedback from experts in a broad range of modeling and health care disciplines addressed the content validity of the approach. / Results: Workshop participants agreed that the domains determining the certainty of evidence previously identified in the GRADE approach (risk of bias, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, reporting bias, magnitude of an effect, dose–response relation, and the direction of residual confounding) also apply when assessing the certainty of evidence from models. The assessment depends on the nature of model inputs and the model itself and on whether one is evaluating evidence from a single model or multiple models. We propose a framework for selecting the best available evidence from models: 1) developing de novo, a model specific to the situation of interest, 2) identifying an existing model, the outputs of which provide the highest certainty evidence for the situation of interest, either “off-the-shelf” or after adaptation, and 3) using outputs from multiple models. We also present a summary of preferred terminology to facilitate communication among modeling and health care disciplines. / Conclusion: This conceptual GRADE approach provides a framework for using evidence from models in health decision-making and the assessment of certainty of evidence from a model or models. The GRADE Working Group and the modeling community are currently developing the detailed methods and related guidance for assessing specific domains determining the certainty of evidence from models across health care–related disciplines (e.g., therapeutic decision-making, toxicology, environmental health, and health economics)

Cost-effectiveness of adding indoor residual spraying to case management in Afghan refugee settlements in Northwest Pakistan during a prolonged malaria epidemic.

INTRODUCTION: Financing of malaria control for displaced populations is limited in scope and duration, making cost-effectiveness analyses relevant but difficult. This study analyses cost-effectiveness of adding prevention through targeted indoor residual spraying (IRS) to case management in Afghan refugee settlements in Pakistan during a prolonged malaria epidemic. METHODS/FINDINGS: An intervention study design was selected, taking a societal perspective. Provider and household costs of vector control and case management were collected from provider records and community survey. Health outcomes (e.g. cases and DALYs averted) were derived and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for cases prevented and DALYs averted calculated. Population, treatment cost, women's time, days of productivity lost, case fatality rate, cases prevented, and DALY assumptions were tested in sensitivity analysis. Malaria incidence peaked at 44/1,000 population in year 2, declining to 14/1,000 in year 5. In total, 370,000 malaria cases, 80% vivax, were diagnosed and treated and an estimated 67,988 vivax cases and 18,578 falciparum and mixed cases prevented. Mean annual programme cost per capita was US$0.56. The additional cost of including IRS over five years per case prevented was US$39; US$50 for vivax (US$43 in years 1-3, US$80 in years 4-5) and US$182 for falciparum (US$139 in years 1-3 and US$680 in years 4-5). Per DALY averted this was US$266 (US$220 in years 1-3 and US$486 in years 4-5) and thus 'highly cost-effective' or cost-effective using WHO and comparison thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: Adding IRS was cost-effective in this moderate endemicity, low mortality setting. It was more cost-effective when transmission was highest, becoming less so as transmission reduced. Because vivax was three times more common than falciparum and the case fatality rate was low, cost-effectiveness estimations for cases prevented appear reliable and more definitive for vivax malaria

From strategy development to routine implementation: the cost of Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Infants for malaria control

BACKGROUND\ud \ud Achieving the Millennium Development Goals for health requires a massive scaling-up of interventions in Sub Saharan Africa. Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) is a promising new tool for malaria control. Although efficacy information is available for many interventions, there is a dearth of data on the resources required for scaling up of health interventions.\ud \ud METHOD\ud \ud We worked in partnership with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) to develop an IPTi strategy that could be implemented and managed by routine health services. We tracked health system and other costs of (1) developing the strategy and (2) maintaining routine implementation of the strategy in five districts in southern Tanzania. Financial costs were extracted and summarized from a costing template and semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants to record time and resources spent on IPTi activities.\ud \ud RESULTS\ud \ud The estimated financial cost to start-up and run IPTi in the whole of Tanzania in 2005 was US$1,486,284. Start-up costs of US$36,363 were incurred at the national level, mainly on the development of Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) materials, stakeholders' meetings and other consultations. The annual running cost at national level for intervention management and monitoring and drug purchase was estimated at US$459,096. Start-up costs at the district level were US$7,885 per district, mainly expenditure on training. Annual running costs were US$170 per district, mainly for printing of BCC materials. There was no incremental financial expenditure needed to deliver the intervention in health facilities as supplies were delivered alongside routine vaccinations and available health workers performed the activities without working overtime. The economic cost was estimated at 23 US cents per IPTi dose delivered.\ud \ud CONCLUSION\ud \ud The costs presented here show the order of magnitude of expenditures needed to initiate and to implement IPTi at national scale in settings with high Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) coverage. The IPTi intervention appears to be affordable even within the budget constraints of Ministries of Health of most sub-Saharan African countries

GRADE Guidelines 30: The GRADE Approach to Assessing the Certainty of Modelled Evidence - an Overview in the Context of Health Decision-making.

OBJECTIVES: To present the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) conceptual approach to the assessment of certainty of evidence from modelling studies (i.e. certainty associated with model outputs). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Expert consultations and, an international multi-disciplinary workshop informed development of a conceptual approach to assessing the certainty of evidence from models within the context of systematic reviews, health technology assessments, and health care decisions. The discussions also clarified selected concepts and terminology used in the GRADE approach and by the modelling community. Feedback from experts in a broad range of modelling and health care disciplines addressed the content validity of the approach. RESULTS: Workshop participants agreed, that the domains determining the certainty of evidence previously identified in the GRADE approach (risk of bias, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, reporting bias, magnitude of an effect, dose-response relation, and the direction of residual confounding) also apply when of assessing the certainty of evidence from models. The assessment depends on the nature of model inputs and the model itself and on whether one is evaluating evidence from a single model or multiple models. We propose a framework for selecting the best available evidence from models: 1) developing de novo a model specific to the situation of interest, 2) identifying an existing model the outputs of which provide the highest certainty evidence for the situation of interest, either "off the shelf" or after adaptation, and 3) using outputs from multiple models. We also present a summary of preferred terminology to facilitate communication among modelling and health care disciplines. CONCLUSIONS: This conceptual GRADE approach provides a framework for using evidence from models in health decision making and the assessment of certainty of evidence from a model or models. The GRADE Working Group and the modelling community are currently developing the detailed methods and related guidance for assessing specific domains determining the certainty of evidence from models across health care-related disciplines (e.g. therapeutic decision-making, toxicology, environmental health, health economics)