Shaping a Corporate Identity From Below; the Role of the BAT Bulletin.

Existing studies that have explored the use of company journals as a mode of corporate communication during the early 20th century have invariably adopted an instrumentalist view of these publications. Company journals have been seen as a means of projecting to employees a top-down view of organisations. This article identifies a counter-example in which the origins of a company journal, the 'Bat Bulletin', are seen to arise as the result of an initiative stemming from the employees themselves. These antecedents gave the 'Bat Bulletin' a high degree of legitimacy amongst staff and provided the company with an important means of establishing a unified corporate culture across a disparate group international operating companies. Over time, however, the contents of the journal gradually became more conventional, and it was eventually closed down when the strategy of international integration ceased to be a desirable corporate objective during the 1930's

Magnetocaloric effect and magnetostructural coupling in Mn0.92Fe0.08CoGe compound

The structural properties of Mn0.92Fe0.08CoGe have been investigated in detail using synchrotron x-ray diffraction in zero and applied pressure (p = 0-10 GPa). A ferromagnetic transition occurs around TC = 300 K and a large magnetic-entropy change -ΔSM = 17.3 J/kg K detected at TC for a field change of ΔB = 5 T. The field dependence of -ΔSM max can be expressed as -ΔSM max ∞ B. At ambient temperature and pressure, Mn0.92Fe0.08CoGe exhibits a co-existence of the orthorhombic TiNiSi-type structure (space group Pnma) and hexagonal Ni2In-type structure (space group P63/mmc). Application of external pressure drives a structure change from the orthorhombic TiNiSi-type structure to the hexagonal Ni2In-type structure. A large anomaly in heat capacity around TC is detected and the Debye temperature θD (=319(±10) K) has been derived from analyses of the low temperature heat capacity, T ≲ 10 K

Social-ecological, motivational and volitional factors for initiating and maintaining physical activity in the context of HIV

Sport and exercise can have several health benefits for people living with HIV. These benefits can be achieved through different types of physical activity, adapting to disease progression, motivation and social-ecological options. However, physical activity levels and adherence to exercise are generally low in people living with HIV. At the same time, high drop-out rates in intervention studies are prevalent; even though they often entail more favourable conditions than interventions in the natural settings. Thus, in the framework of an intervention study, the present study aims to explore social-ecological, motivational and volitional correlates of South African women living with HIV with regard to physical activity and participation in a sport and exercise health promotion programme. The qualitative data was produced in the framework of a non-randomised pre-post intervention study that evaluated structure, processes and outcomes of a 10-week sport and exercise programme. All 25 participants of the programme were included in this analysis, independent of compliance. Data was produced through questionnaires, participatory group discussions, body image pictures, research diaries and individual semi-structured interviews. All participants lived in a low socioeconomic, disadvantaged setting. Hence, the psychological correlates are contextualised and social-ecological influences on perception and behaviour are discussed. The results show the importance of considering social-cultural and environmental influences on individual motives, perceptions and expectancies, the fear of disclosure and stigmatisation, sport and exercise-specific group dynamics and self-supporting processes. Opportunities and strategies to augment physical activity and participation in sport and exercise programmes in the context of HIV are discussed.Scopu

Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children

BACKGROUND: Targeted temperature management is recommended for comatose adults and children after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; however, data on temperature management after in-hospital cardiac arrest are limited. METHODS: In a trial conducted at 37 children’s hospitals, we compared two temperature interventions in children who had had in-hospital cardiac arrest. Within 6 hours after the return of circulation, comatose children older than 48 hours and younger than 18 years of age were randomly assigned to therapeutic hypothermia (target temperature, 33.0°C) or therapeutic normothermia (target temperature, 36.8°C). The primary efficacy outcome, survival at 12 months after cardiac arrest with a score of 70 or higher on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, second edition (VABS-II, on which scores range from 20 to 160, with higher scores indicating better function), was evaluated among patients who had had a VABS-II score of at least 70 before the cardiac arrest. RESULTS: The trial was terminated because of futility after 329 patients had undergone randomization. Among the 257 patients who had a VABS-II score of at least 70 before cardiac arrest and who could be evaluated, the rate of the primary efficacy outcome did not differ significantly between the hypothermia group and the normothermia group (36% [48 of 133 patients] and 39% [48 of 124 patients], respectively; relative risk, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 1.27; P = 0.63). Among 317 patients who could be evaluated for change in neurobehavioral function, the change in VABS-II score from baseline to 12 months did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.70). Among 327 patients who could be evaluated for 1-year survival, the rate of 1-year survival did not differ significantly between the hypothermia group and the normothermia group (49% [81 of 166 patients] and 46% [74 of 161 patients], respectively; relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.34; P = 0.56). The incidences of blood-product use, infection, and serious adverse events, as well as 28-day mortality, did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among comatose children who survived in-hospital cardiac arrest, therapeutic hypothermia, as compared with therapeutic normothermia, did not confer a significant benefit in survival with a favorable functional outcome at 1 year. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; THAPCA-IH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00880087.

DIRECT OBSERVATION OF DISORDER WITHIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SHEAR DEFECTS IN DEFORMED AND NON-STOICHIOMETRIC RUTILES

On a observé par microscopie électronique à haute résolution avec une résolution ponctuelle de 2,3 Å des lamelles de mâcle mécanique, ainsi que les dislocations associées, dans le rutile TiO2,0000 et de nouveaux défauts de cisaillement cristallographique (CC) dans un échantillon de rutile non-stoechiométrique déformé de composition TiO1,9966. Certaines des images obtenues se sont avérées directement interprétables en termes de position des colonnes d'atomes de titane vues en projection le long des axes [100] et [1[MATH]1]r ; de là on a pu déduire des modèles structuraux pour différents défauts observés. En utilisant la cellule sous atmosphère contrôlée d'un microscooe à 1 MeV, on a également observé à plus faible résolution le recuit in situ de mâcles mécaniques. Parmi les nouveaux types de défauts de CC mis en évidence, ont été identifiés des plans de CC (143)r d'orientation intermédiaire entre les deux orientations bien connues (132)r et (011)r. On a également observé des défauts isolés constitués de séquences uniformes et de séquences non uniformes de marches de types (121)r et (011)r ainsi que d'étroites paires de défauts de CC présentant des degrés variables de désordre, aussi bien par rapport à l'orientation moyenne qu'à la structure de la paire. Enfin, on a mis en évidence dans le rutile faiblement réduit des défauts autres que des plans de CC, qui donnent naissance à une modulation des franges (011)r et (110)r ainsi que des contrastes non complètement interprétés mais suggérant une aggrégation de défauts ponctuels.High resolution electron microscope images have been obtained at ~2.3 Å point resolution showing mechanical twin lamellae with associated twin dislocations in stoichiometric TiO2.0000 and also a variety of novel crystallographic shear (CS) behaviours in a deformed non-stoichiometric rutile TiO1.9966. In many cases these images proved to be directly interpretable in terms of the positions of Ti atom rows viewed along the [100]r and [1[MATH]1]r projection axis. Thus structural models for a variety of defects could be deduced from the images. In situ observations of the annealing of mechanical twins, obtained at lower resolution using an environmental cell in a 1 MeV electron microscope are also described. New types of CS behaviour include : identification of (143)r CS planes (CSP) lying between the well-known (132)r and (011)r orientations ; disorder within CSP with respect to orientation, both uniform and non-uniform mixing of (121)r - and (011)r - type steps occur along individual boundaries ; the observation of closely-spaced pairs of CS boundaries containing varying degrees of disorder with regard to both orientation and the structure within the pairs ; evidence that defects other than CSP occur in slightly reduced rutile, which give rise to modulations of lattice fringes along both k (011)r and k (110)r, and other as yet uninterpreted contrast, but suggestive of poinf defect clustering

Assessing positive supervisor behaviour: Development and psychometric evaluation of a brief scale.

Followers are thought to be keenly attuned to supervisor behaviors because these can affect their learning, well-being, and performance at work. However, a practical and empirically tested measure of constructive supervisor behaviors that are valued by followers is not available in the literature. We develop a Constructive Supervisor Behavior Scale (CSBS) that is suitable for human resource development purposes and we assess its psychometric properties across three studies. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis is conducted on data collected from employees in New Zealand and the United States (N = 333). This resulted in a four-factor structure comprising ethical conduct, networking, clarifying, and recognizing behaviors. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analyses are used to assess the four-factor structure of the CSBS on New Zealand-based employees (N = 250). In Study 3, the convergent and discriminant validity of the CSBS are examined on office-based employees in the United States (N = 342); additional measurement invariance analyses are conducted with the New Zealand and U.S. samples

OBSERVATION OF A LOW ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARY IN TOOTH ENAMEL CRYSTALS USING HREM

Plusieurs types de joints de grains à faible desorientation liés à l'anisotropie de la dissolution carieuse des cristaux d'émail dentaire humains ont été observés par microscopie électronique à haute résolution (HREM).Several types of low angle grain boundaries linked to the anisotropy of the carious dissolution of human dental enamel crystals have been observed by HREM