Renal transplantation at the university of Colorado

From March 1962 to April 1963, 118 patients were treated with renal transplantation, 3 with kidneys from identical twins, 9 with cadaveric homografts, and 106 with homografts from volunteer donors. Sixty-two of the patients are still alive after nine months to almost five years. The only completely satisfactory group was that of the identical twin recipients. The results after homotransplantation have not materially improved during this time despite the acquisition of increased experience, adjustments of timing and dosage of azathioprine and prednisone, and attempts to identify biologically suitable donors in advance of operation by tissue typing. It is suggested that an impasse has been reached, beyond which further reduction in mortality and morbidity will depend primarily upon the effective application of new immunosuppressive techniques. © 1967 by The Williams and Wilkins Co

Metal-catalyst-free growth of silica nanowires and carbon nanotubes using Ge nanostructures

The use of Ge nanostructures is investigated for the metal-catalyst-free growth of silica nanowires and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Silica nanowires with diameters of 10-50 nm and lengths of ? 1 ?m were grown from SiGe islands, Ge dots, and Ge nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal that the nanowires grow from oxide nanoparticles on the sample surface. We propose that the growth mechanism is thermal diffusion of oxide through the GeO2 nanostructures. CNTs with diameters 0.6-2.5 nm and lengths of less than a few ?m were similarly grown by chemical vapor deposition from different types of Ge nanostructures. Raman measurements show the presence of radial breathing mode peaks and the absence of the disorder induced D-band, indicating single walled CNTs with a low defect density. HRTEM images reveal that the CNTs also grow from oxide nanoparticles, comprising a mixture of GeO2 and SiO2

Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on HfO2 towards Highly Sensitive Nano-Sensors

Carbon nanotube (CNT) growth on HfO2 is reported for the first time. The process uses a combination of Ge and Fe nanoparticles and achieves an increase in CNT density from 0.15 to 6.2 mm length/mm2 compared with Fe nanoparticles alone. The synthesized CNTs are assessed by the fabrication of back-gate CNT field-effect transistors with Al source/drain contacts for nano-sensor applications. The devices exhibit excellent p-type behavior with an Ion=Ioff ratio of 105 and a steep sub-threshold slope of 130 mV/dec

Metal-catalyst-free growth of carbon nanotubes and their application in field-effect transistors

The metal-catalyst-free growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using chemical vapor deposition and the application in field-effect transistors (FETs) is demonstrated. The CNT growth process used a 3-nm-thick Ge layer on SiO2 that was subsequently annealed to produce Ge nanoparticles. Raman measurements show the presence of radial breathing mode peaks and the absence of the disorder induced D-band, indicating single walled CNTs with a low defect density. The synthesized CNTs are used to fabricate CNTFETs and the best device has a state-of-the-art on/off current ratio of 3×108 and a steep sub-threshold slope of 110 mV/dec

Sustaining (dis)embodied inequalities in the(ir) Eurocene: ancient microbes, racial anthropometry, and lifestyle choices

Racialisation and colonialism are central to sustaining (dis)embodied inequalities. We draw together our distinct ethnographic projects on a microbiome expedition with Amazonian indigenous non/human communities and on medical professionals' encounters with Mbya Guarani communities in the Atlantic Forest region. Firstly, to show how through comparing and intervening on Mbya bodies and their forms of life, both anthropometric growth standards and state development projects, perpetuate racialised assumptions of human difference and legitimate colonial extractive practices (e.g., conversion of forests to ‘productive’ agricultural land). Similarly, human microbiome scientific initiatives, rather than addressing such racialised (dis)embodied inequalities and extractive practices, contribute to ‘updating’ and potentially amplifying them further through identifying indigenous peoples as western industrialised people’s ancestors and as potential reservoirs for novel probiotics to restore microbes to industrialised societies' guts. Finally, we propose that part of ceasing to reproduce these (dis)embodied inequalities requires ‘us’ to challenge the racialised and colonial histories of the life and geological sciences, to recognise their embodied consequences in the present, as well as how they are implicated in emergent proposals for new geological ‘-cenes’

04411 Abtracts Collection -- Service Management and Self-Organization in IP-based Networks

From 03.10.04 to 06.10.04, the Dagstuhl Seminar 04411 ``Service Management and Self-Organization in IP-based Networks\u27\u27 was held in the International Conference and Research Center (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available

Brain aromatase activity and plasma testosterone levels are elevated in aggressive male mice during early ontogeny

Testosterone (T) and estradiol (E(2)) are involved in intraspecific aggressive behavior. Both steroids exert their effects on behavior via the hypothalamus and the amygdala (Am) of the central nervous system (CNS). In these brain areas T is converted to E(2), by the enzyme aromatase. Both the levels of brain aromatase activity (AA) and the effects of T and E(2) on aggressive behavior in adulthood depend on steroidal organization of the CNS during ontogeny. In this study we measured plasma T and in vitro brain AA of male fetuses and neonates derived from two strains of wild house mice, which had been genetically selected for aggression, based upon attack latency. There were no differences in preoptic area (POA) AA levels between selection lines on either embryonic day (E) 17 or 18, or the day after birth (day 1). In the non-aggressive long attack latency (LAL) males the POA AA increases with age, i.e. was higher on E18 than on E17, which is correlated with brain weight (BrW). This was in contrast to aggressive short attack latency (SAL) fetuses, which only showed a slight, but not significant difference between embryonic days or, a correlation with BrW. Neonatally, the POA AA of LAL males tended to decrease in contrast to SAL males. However, SAL neonates had a higher AA in the amygdala (Am) than LAL neonates, whereas no differences exist in the anterior hypothalamus. Thus, a differential brain AA distribution exists in SAL and LAL pups. At day 1 SAL: males show higher AA in the Am than in the hypothalamus (POA + AH), whereas in the LAL strain the AA did not differ between these brain areas. In the LAL males plasma T levels decreased from E17 to day 1, whereas the SAL neonates (day 1) exhibited higher circulating T concentrations than LAL neonates. These results suggest a T-independent aromatase induction prenatally in both selection lines, whereas neonatally the higher plasma T level in the SAL line coincides with higher AA levels:in the Am. Accordingly, a differential pattern of E(2) formation exists in the brains of the two selection lines during ontogeny. The variation in circulating T and maximal brain E(2) formation around birth might result in a differential organization of adult CNS sensitivity to sex steroids and accordingly differences in aggressive behavior.</p

The clinical use of antilymphocyte globulin in renal homotransplantation

Twenty patients were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) which was prepared from the serum of immunized horses. The ALG was used as an adjuvant to azathioprine and prednisone and its use limited to 4 months. The surviving patients are now 1 to 7 months postoperative. There was 1 death, the consequence of a technical accident. The function in the remaining 19 patients is excellent, despite reduced doses of azathioprine and especially prednisone. Biopsies were obtained in the first 8 consecutive cases from 108 to 145 days after operation. There was no evidence in the specimens of either Masugi-like or serum sickness nephritis. © 1967 by The Williams and Wilkins Co