4 research outputs found
An Examination of College Athletes\u27 Motivation and Athletic Scholarship Status
- Publication venue
- Clemson University Libraries
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
The forgotten kids: Experiences of potential student-athletes at a postsecondary football preparatory school
- Publication venue
- 'The University of Kansas'
- Publication date
- 20/09/2019
- Field of study
The first preparatory institution was founded in 1635 to prepare elite men for public service, a role in the church, or admission to Harvard (Boyer, 1983). Nearly 400 years later, the objective of such institutions is no longer Harvard, but often an avenue for potential student-athletes (PSAs) to participate in collegiate sport (Thamel, 2007). The NCAA does not define nor regulate postgraduate preparatory institutions; however, Curran (2014) describes a preparatory institution (commonly referred to as prep schools) as a postgraduate institute that provides PSAs another year at a secondary institution prior to making the transition to college. Framed by Mincer’s (1958) model of Basic Human Capital, the purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of those attending or associated with one specific preparatory institution (X Academy). The first research question which explores prospective student-athletes choices to attend a preparatory institution revealed three final themes: (1) eligibility concerns, (2) athletic exposure and development, and (3) academic improvement. The second research question explores the experiences of those attending a preparatory institution also revealed three final themes: (1) focus and preparation, (2) melting pot, and (3) survival.  
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- A. Lina Rosengren
- Abram Burgher
- Adam B. Brosz
- Adam Rosen
- Adam Schwartz
- Adriana Sordo Duran
- Adrienna Marquez
- Adrienne E. Shapiro
- Aeiress Duhart
- Afsoon Roberts
- Albert Liu
- Alejandro Hoberman
- Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández
- Alex Greninger
- Alexander Clark
- Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros Benavides
- Alice McGarry
- Alicia Arrazcaeta
- Alisha Lutat
- Alison Bondell
- Alison Pellecchia
- Allie Oplinger
- Allison Green
- Allison O'Brien
- Alpa Patel
- Alyssa-Kay Peay
- Amanda Horn
- Amanda Lilienthal
- Amanda Occhino
- Amanda Philyaw
- Amaran Moodley
- Amber Grant
- Amber Stanford
- Amesika Nyaku
- Amie Shannon
- Amina Z. Haggag
- Amit Paliwal
- Amy Caldwell
- Amy Chamberlain
- Amy Dye
- Amy Falk
- Amy Kelley
- Amy Medina
- Amy Potts
- Amy Salzl
- Amy Sherman
- Amy Starr
- Amy Thompson
- Andrea Berry
- Andrea Clement
- Andrea Wendrow
- Andrea Zimmer
- Andres Bran
- Andres Camacho-Gonzalez
- Andrew Lauria
- Andrew McConnell
- Andrew McWilliams
- Anelgine C. Yoon
- Angela Lee
- Angela R. Branche
- Angelica Kottkamp
- Angella Webb
- Ann M. Milliken
- Ann R. Falsey
- Anna S. Lok
- Anna Wald
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Anne-Marie Rick
- Annette R. Bennett
- Annie Ciambruschini
- Annie Luetkemeyer
- Anthony Kim
- Anum Abbas
- Anyela Lara
- April Pixler
- Ariana C. Stanton
- Arthur L. Zemanek
- Asha Inniss
- Ashley Kennedy
- Ashley Perez
- Ashley Warden
- Asif Noor
- Atoya Adams
- Aurelio Cruz-Valdez
- Austin Chan
- Austin Swanson
- Ayanna Walters
- Ayoade Avworo
- Bailey Jordan
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- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara S. Taylor
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- Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Becky Martinez
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- Suzanne Gharib
- Suzanne Swan
- Sybil G. Hosek
- Szheckera Fearon
- Tamara Richards
- Tambra Dora
- Tameika Scott
- Tami Wahlin
- Tammi L. Shlotzhauer
- Tana Bourgeois
- Tanya Hutchins
- Taryn Petty
- Tatiana Beresnev
- Tavane Harrison
- Taylor Nelson
- Teletha Gipson
- Teresa A. Batteiger
- Teresa Becker
- Teresa Deese
- Teresa S. Sligh
- Teri Thompson-Seim
- Terri Moye
- Terry D. Klein
- Terry L. Poling
- Terry Piedra
- Theresa Hegmann
- Thomas B. Campbell
- Thomas C. Klein
- Thomas C.S. Martin
- Thomas Mellman
- Thomas Patterson
- Thomas Weiss
- Tiffany Esinhart
- Tiffany Nemecek
- Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt
- Tilly Varughese
- Timothy J. Hatlen
- Timothy P. Vachris
- Timothy Shope
- Timothy W. Schacker
- Timothy Wilkin
- Tina Tong
- Tina Wang
- Toby Briskin
- Todd Simmons
- Tom Fiel
- Toni Robinson
- Toni White
- Tracy Okonya
- Tracy R. Klein
- Trina L. Reynolds
- Troy Holdeman
- Tyler D. Bold
- Uriel R. Felsen
- Valentine M. Ebuh
- Valeria D. Cantos
- Valerie K. Arnold
- Vanessa Abad
- Vanessa Raabe
- Veronica G. Fragoso
- Veronica Garcia-Fragoso
- Veronica Procasky
- Veronica Viar
- Vicki E. Miller
- Vickie Leathers
- Victoria Andriulis
- Victoria Engler
- Victoria Mosteller
- Victoria R. Anderson
- Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera
- Vincent Huynh
- Vincent Mirkil
- Vivek Rajasekhar
- Viviana Gonzalez
- Vladimir Berthaud
- Walter Patton
- Wanda Ramon
- Waseem Chughtai
- Wayne L. Harper
- Wayne Woo
- Wendell Lewis
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendy A. Keitel
- Wesley Campbell
- Wesley Van Ever
- Westly Keating
- Whitney West
- Will Hernandez
- William B. Davis
- William B. Smith
- William H. Jones
- William Jennings
- William Kirby
- William P. Silver
- William R. Hartman
- William S. Davis Jr.
- William Schnitz
- William Seger
- Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León
- Winston Cavert
- Xiaomi Tong
- Yaa D. Oppong
- Yi H. Wu
- Ying Huang
- Yogesh K. Paliwal
- Youyi Fong
- Yunda Huang
- Yunda Huang
- Yvonne Davis
- Zachary Bittner
- Zainab Rizvi
- Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa
- Zudi-Mwak Takizala
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health
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Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- Abad Vanessa
- Abate Getahun
- Abbas Anum
- Ackerman Jamie
- Ackerman Ronald
- Ackermann Jeremy
- Adams Atoya
- Adams Mark S.
- Adams Michael R.
- Adelglass Jeffrey
- Afework Sarah
- Ahmad Nina
- Akamine Christine
- Ake Julie A.
- Al-Ibrahim Mohamed S.
- Albert Gary
- Alcaide Maria L.
- Alderson Nathan
- Aleman Lily
- Alemán José O.
- Allaw Mohammed
- Alva E. Javier Pretell
- Alvarado Hilario
- Amador Carmen
- Andersen James
- Anderson Corey G.
- Anderson Evan J.
- Anderson Victoria R.
- Andes David R.
- Andrasik Michele P.
- Andree Stephanie
- Andrews Jeb
- Andriesen Jessica G.
- Andriulis Victoria
- Ansel Jessica L.
- Anthony Codi M.
- Antwi Mohammed
- Arduino Roberto C.
- Aristy Florida
- Arnold Valerie K.
- Arrazcaeta Alicia
- Atmar Robert L.
- Avworo Ayoade
- Bacher Christina
- Baden Lindsey R.
- Badillo Diana
- Bainbridge Emma
- Baka Michele
- Baker Sherrie
- Balani Bindu
- Ball Brandy
- Bances Karla Beatriz Tafur
- Baron Mira
- Barranco-Santana Elizabeth
- Bartilucci Darlene
- Bashour Jennifer
- Batteiger Teresa A.
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- Saleh Jamshid
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- Salzl Amy
- Sample Denise
- Samuels Robert
- Sanchez Erica
- Sanchez Martha
- Sanchez Rosario
- Sanchez-Crespo Nelia
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- Sanders Lisa J.
- Santiago Fredric
- Santiago Rica
- Santolaya María E.
- Scatamacchia Carolyn
- Schacker Timothy W.
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- Schmidt Robert
- Schnitz William
- Schroeck Debra B.
- Schwartz Adam
- Schwartz Howard
- Schwartz Howard I.
- Schwartz Jennifer
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- Sciaudone Michael
- Scott Hyman
- Scott Tameika
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- Seger William
- Seversen Shannen
- Sha Beverly E.
- Shah Mitul
- Shairi Samira
- Shankaran Shivanjali
- Shannon Amie
- Shapiro Adrienne E.
- Sharp Stephan C.
- Shaw Marian E.
- Shelly Rozeli
- Shelton Sandra
- Sherman Amy
- Sheth Neil P.
- Shinn Steven
- Shlotzhauer Tammi L.
- Shope Timothy
- Shopsin Bo
- Shoptaw Steven
- Siddiqui Farhan
- Siegel Marc
- Sierra Dianca
- Silver William P.
- Simmons Todd
- Simon Gary
- Sims Matthew D.
- Singer Leonard
- Singletary Justin
- Skipper Stephanie
- Slechta Stacy
- Sligh Teresa S.
- Smith Candace
- Smith Derek M.
- Smith Katherine
- Smith Mary
- Smith Michael J.
- Smith William B.
- Snell Kimberly
- Sobhanie M. Mahdee
- Sobieszczyk Magdalena E.
- Sogbetun Obiageli
- Solis Joel
- Sonnier Cora
- Sopher Carrie
- Sovic Brit
- Spector Stephen A.
- Sperber Steven
- Staben Jonathan
- Stahl Jessica
- Stanford Amber
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- Stanton Ariana C.
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- Stapleton Katherine
- Starlin Richard
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- Starr Ryan P.
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- Stephenson Carolene
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- Sterling Stephanie
- Stewart Brittany
- Striker Robert
- Strout Cynthia Becher
- Struyf Frank
- Studdard Suzanna
- Stulken Laura
- Stull Mildred
- Sturgeon Rodney E.
- Suen May-Yin
- Sugimoto Danny
- Suyehira Janice
- Swaminathan Shobha
- Swan Suzanne
- Swann Edith
- Swanson Austin
- Sweet Christy
- Swieboda Elisa
- Syndergaard Scott N.
- Takizala Zudi-Mwak
- Takuva Simbarashe G.
- Talaat Kawsar R.
- Tan Chen S.
- Tapia Milagritos
- Tarakjian Denis
- Tashima Karen
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- Taylor Brandie
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- Teherani Meghan
- Theodore Deborah A.
- Thessing Jeffrey
- Thomas Meagan
- Thomas-Seaton LaTeshia
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- Thompson Karl M.
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- Tyson Stefanie
- Ulrich Robert J.
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- Utz Gregory C.
- Vachris Timothy P.
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- Valika Insiya
- Van Der Leden Mimi
- Van Dromme Ilse
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- Van Roey Griet
- Varughese Tilly
- Vega Jocelyn Zuleica Olmos
- Vega Norma
- Vegas Diana
- Vertucci Michele
- Viar Veronica
- Viens Nicholas A.
- Villegas Marysol
- Vingerhoets Johan
- Vogler Mary
- Vowell Mandy
- Vrbicky Keith W.
- Wahlin Tami
- Wakefield Paul H.
- Wald Anna
- Walker James
- Walker Shannon
- Walsh Edward E.
- Walsh Mary C.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walter Emmanuel B.
- Walters Ayanna
- Wang Tina
- Warden Ashley
- Waters Michael
- Watkins Breanz
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- Webster Hala
- Weidler Jessica L.
- Weiss Thomas
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- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendrow Andrea
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- Whatley Jordan L.
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- Wijewardane Priyantha N.
- Wilkin Timothy
- Wilkinson Bethanie
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- Williams Samantha
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- Wilson Clint
- Wilson Greg
- Wilson Natasha
- Winbigler Jennifer
- Winkle Peter J.
- Winokur Patricia L.
- Witbeck John
- Wohl David
- Woo Wayne
- Woodside Leana
- Wortman Glenn
- Wu Yi H.
- Wylie Paul E.
- Yang Fan
- Yang Kinara S.
- Yoon Anelgine C.
- York Jill
- Young Cheryl
- Yu Chenchen
- Yusin Joseph
- Zapata Luz
- Zash Rebecca
- Zegarra Eneyda Giuvanela Llerena
- Zemanek Arthur L.
- Zenlea Kate
- Zepeda Karla
- Zervos Marcus J.
- Zhai Nan
- Zhang Kevin
- Zhou James
- Zimmer Andrea
- Zingman Barry S.
- Zorrilla Carmen D.
- Áñez Germán
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health