13 research outputs found
Emotion recognition in persons with autism and Asperger syndrome
Uvod: PrijaÅ”nja istraživanja nisu dala jedinstven zakljuÄak o sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba oboljelih od poremeÄaja autistiÄnog spektra (ASP); odreÄen broj studija naglaÅ”ava smanjenu sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja, a ostali navode da je sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba s ASP-om ista kao u normalno razvijenih vrÅ”njaka. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled literature objavljene unazad deset godina i bavi se sposobnoÅ”Äu prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba s autizmom i AÅ”pergerovim sindromom. ----- Metode: Koristili smo bazu podataka āPubMedā. PomoÄu kljuÄnih rijeÄi: autizam, Aspergerov sindrom, prepoznavanje osjeÄaja i djeca, dobili smo ukupno 26 radova. Izostavili smo 10 radova poÅ”tujuÄi kriterije iskljuÄivanja, tako da ovaj rad ukljuÄuje ukupno 16 Älanaka. ----- Rezultati: Älanci su grupirani u Äetiri skupine radova. Prva skupina govori o povezanosti autizma i AÅ”pergerovog sindroma s smanjenom sposobnoÅ”Äu prepoznavanja emocija koju su dokazali slijedeÄi testovi i zadaci: SMT, DANVA, 2AFC, CAM-C, RMF-C, ECT, POET i FEEST. Druga skupina prikazuje rezultate novijih metoda, kao Å”to su ATOMIC, FEFA i ET, u ispitivanju prepoznavanja osjeÄaja. TreÄa skupina govori o poremeÄaju pažnje kao bitnom uzroku smanjene sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja. Äetvrta skupina govori o pozitivnom utjecaju intervencija u oboljelih osoba. ----- ZakljuÄak: Sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja je smanjena u osoba s autizmom i AÅ”pergerovim sindromom. Postoji pozitivna povezanost izmeÄu smanjene sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja te dobi i IQ-a oboljelih. PoremeÄena pažnja u oboljelih dovodi do smanjene sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja. Rana i intenzivna intervencija može poveÄati sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba s viÅ”om razinom funkcioniranja (HFA/AS).Introduction: Previous studies have not provided a unique conclusion of ability to recognize emotions in a persons who are suffering from autistic spectrum disorders (ASD); a number of studies confirm the thesis emphasizing a reduced ability to recognize emotions, while others state that the ability to recognize emotions in a persons with ASD is the same as in normally developed peers. This study presents a survey of literature dealing with emotion recognition in persons with autism and Asperger syndrome over the last ten years. ---- Methods: We used database āPubMedā. By inputting the key word: autism, Asperger syndrome, emotion recognition and children, we obtained the total of 26 references. 10 papers were left out with the exclusion crieria, so this survey includes 19 studies all together. ----- Results: The results are presented in four groups of articles. The first group showed the connection between autism and Asperger syndrome and decreased recognition of emotions on following tests and assignments: SMT, DANVA, 2AFC, CAM-C, RMF-C, ECT, POET and FEEST. The second group showed the results of new testing methods (ATOMIC, FEFA, ET) to recognize emotions. The third group emphasized the attention disorder as an important cause of decreased recognition of emotions. The fourth group talks about the positive impact of interventions in affected individuals. ----- Conclusion: The ability to recognize emotions is reduced in persons with autism and Asperger syndrome. There is a clear connection between reduced emotion recognition, age and IQ of the persons affected with this illness. Attention disorder of the affected people leads to reduced ability to recognize emotions. Early and intensive intervention can increase the ability to recognize emotions in persons with a higher level of functioning (HFA / AS)
Emotion recognition in persons with autism and Asperger syndrome
Uvod: PrijaÅ”nja istraživanja nisu dala jedinstven zakljuÄak o sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba oboljelih od poremeÄaja autistiÄnog spektra (ASP); odreÄen broj studija naglaÅ”ava smanjenu sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja, a ostali navode da je sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba s ASP-om ista kao u normalno razvijenih vrÅ”njaka. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled literature objavljene unazad deset godina i bavi se sposobnoÅ”Äu prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba s autizmom i AÅ”pergerovim sindromom. ----- Metode: Koristili smo bazu podataka āPubMedā. PomoÄu kljuÄnih rijeÄi: autizam, Aspergerov sindrom, prepoznavanje osjeÄaja i djeca, dobili smo ukupno 26 radova. Izostavili smo 10 radova poÅ”tujuÄi kriterije iskljuÄivanja, tako da ovaj rad ukljuÄuje ukupno 16 Älanaka. ----- Rezultati: Älanci su grupirani u Äetiri skupine radova. Prva skupina govori o povezanosti autizma i AÅ”pergerovog sindroma s smanjenom sposobnoÅ”Äu prepoznavanja emocija koju su dokazali slijedeÄi testovi i zadaci: SMT, DANVA, 2AFC, CAM-C, RMF-C, ECT, POET i FEEST. Druga skupina prikazuje rezultate novijih metoda, kao Å”to su ATOMIC, FEFA i ET, u ispitivanju prepoznavanja osjeÄaja. TreÄa skupina govori o poremeÄaju pažnje kao bitnom uzroku smanjene sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja. Äetvrta skupina govori o pozitivnom utjecaju intervencija u oboljelih osoba. ----- ZakljuÄak: Sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja je smanjena u osoba s autizmom i AÅ”pergerovim sindromom. Postoji pozitivna povezanost izmeÄu smanjene sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja te dobi i IQ-a oboljelih. PoremeÄena pažnja u oboljelih dovodi do smanjene sposobnosti prepoznavanja osjeÄaja. Rana i intenzivna intervencija može poveÄati sposobnost prepoznavanja osjeÄaja u osoba s viÅ”om razinom funkcioniranja (HFA/AS).Introduction: Previous studies have not provided a unique conclusion of ability to recognize emotions in a persons who are suffering from autistic spectrum disorders (ASD); a number of studies confirm the thesis emphasizing a reduced ability to recognize emotions, while others state that the ability to recognize emotions in a persons with ASD is the same as in normally developed peers. This study presents a survey of literature dealing with emotion recognition in persons with autism and Asperger syndrome over the last ten years. ---- Methods: We used database āPubMedā. By inputting the key word: autism, Asperger syndrome, emotion recognition and children, we obtained the total of 26 references. 10 papers were left out with the exclusion crieria, so this survey includes 19 studies all together. ----- Results: The results are presented in four groups of articles. The first group showed the connection between autism and Asperger syndrome and decreased recognition of emotions on following tests and assignments: SMT, DANVA, 2AFC, CAM-C, RMF-C, ECT, POET and FEEST. The second group showed the results of new testing methods (ATOMIC, FEFA, ET) to recognize emotions. The third group emphasized the attention disorder as an important cause of decreased recognition of emotions. The fourth group talks about the positive impact of interventions in affected individuals. ----- Conclusion: The ability to recognize emotions is reduced in persons with autism and Asperger syndrome. There is a clear connection between reduced emotion recognition, age and IQ of the persons affected with this illness. Attention disorder of the affected people leads to reduced ability to recognize emotions. Early and intensive intervention can increase the ability to recognize emotions in persons with a higher level of functioning (HFA / AS)
Sonografija ovojnice optiÄkog živca je obeÄavajuÄi alat u procjeni porasta intrakranijskog tlaka u bolesnika lijeÄenih u neuroloÅ”koj intezivnoj skrbi
Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) enlargement is detectable in traumatic brain injury patients with raised intracranial pressure (ICP). The aim was to assess its value in neurological patients suspected to have increased ICP. Patient clinical imaging data and hospitalization
outcome were analyzed. Patients were divided into groups according to brain pathology and level of consciousness with Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). Poor hospitalization outcome was assessed by modified Rankin scale (mRS) >3. Data obtained by ocular sonography performed in acute setting were compared with data of 100 control subjects. Data were expressed as mean Ā± SD. Intergroup comparison was performed by Studentās t-test. Data of 34 patients (63+16 years) were suitable for analysis, including 8 primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH), 8 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 12 PICH or SAH and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), 4 tumors and 2 ischemic strokes. The mean ONSD
was 5.86+0.69 mm in patients versus 4.38+0.41 mm in controls (p<0.01). ONSD was 6.28+0.61 mm in patients with GCS <8 and 5.77+0.55 mm in other patients (p<0.05). ONSD was 5.72+0.59 mm in
PICH versus 6.20+0.65 mm in PICH/SAH with IVH (p=0.1). ONSD was 5.73+0.38 mm in SAH in comparison to PICH/SAH with IVH (p=0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in optic nerve diameter between patients and controls (2.48+0.28 mm vs. 2.39+0.33 mm; p>0.05). Pronounced enlargement of ONSD was observed in patients with ICH or SAH with IVH, and in patients with GCS 3).PoveÄanje promjera ovojnice optiÄkog živca (POOŽ) vidljivo je u bolesnika s traumatskom ozljedom mozga s poveÄanim intrakranijskim tlakom. Cilj je bio procijeniti njegovu vrijednost u neuroloÅ”kih bolesnika sa sumnjom na porast intrakranijskog tlaka. Analizirani su kliniÄki podaci, nalazi slikovnog prikaza i ishod hospitalizacije. Bolesnici su podijeljeni u skupine prema moždanoj patologiji i razini svijesti prema rezultatu na Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). Nepovoljan ishod procijenjen je modificiranom Rankinovom skalom (mRS) >3. Podaci okularne sonografije u akutnim uvjetima usporeÄeni su s podacima 100 zdravih kontrolnih osoba. Vrijednosti su prikazane kao srednje vrijednosti i standardne devijacije. Usporedba izmeÄu skupina provedena je Studentovim t-testom. Za analizu su bili prikladni podaci 34 bolesnika (63+16 godina): 8 primarnih intracerebralnih krvarenja (PICK), 8 subarahnoidnih krvarenja (SAK), 12 PICK ili SAK s intraventrikulskim krvarenjem (IVK), 4 tumora i 2 ishemijska moždana udara. U bolesnika je prosjeÄni POOŽ bio 5,86+0,69 mm u usporedbi s 4,38+0,41 mm u kontrolnih osoba (p0,05). Izrazito je poveÄanje POOŽ zabilježeno u bolesnika s ICK ili SAK s IVK te u bolesnika s GSK 3)
TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS WITH CLADRIBINE ā A RETROSPECTIVE ONE-YEAR ANALYSIS AT DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, SESTRE MILOSRDNICE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CENTRE IN ZAGREB
Kladribin (MavencladĀ®, Merck, Nizozemska) je lijek koji se primjenjuje u lijeÄenju visoko aktivnog oblika multiple skleroze (MS). Mehanizam djelovanja nije u potpunosti jasan, ali se smatra da lijek djeluje na funkciju DNA i mitohondrija Äime dovodi do apopoptoze limfocita. Djelotvornost i sigurnost kladribina bile su procijenjene u randomiziranom, dvostruko slijepom, placebom kontroliranom kliniÄkom ispitivanju (studija CLARITY) te kasnijim istraživanjima koja su proizaÅ”la iz tog ispitivanja. U navedenom ispitivanju bolesnici s relapsno remitentnom multiplom sklerozom (RRMS) lijeÄeni kladribinom pokazali su statistiÄki znaÄajno poboljÅ”anje u godiÅ”njoj stopi relapsa, udjelu bolesnika bez relapsa i udjelu bolesnika bez postojane onesposobljenosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati bolesnike s MS-om koji su lijeÄeni kladribinom na Klinici za neurologiju KliniÄkog bolniÄkog centra Sestre milosrdnice u Zagrebu te usporediti rezultate s postojeÄim saznanjima o lijeku. Retrospektivnom analizom u godini dana analizirali smo bolesnike kod kojih je bilo indicirano lijeÄenje kladribinom. Ukupno je kladribin primijenjen 15-orici bolesnika. Od toga je 46 % bolesnika prethodno bilo lijeÄeno imunomodulacijskom terapijom prve linije, a 53 % bolesnika nije bilo lijeÄeno takvom terapijom. Nakon godine dana, prije primjene drugog ciklusa lijeka, za vrijeme pisanja ovog rada, kod 66 % bolesnika nije bilo relapsa. Ukupno je bilo 20 % nuspojava od kojih su najÄeÅ”Äe bile kožne reakcije. Analizom naÅ”e skupine bolesnika odreÄen dio rezultata odgovarao je rezultatima studije CLARITY, a ostali podatci bili su približni rezultatima navedenog ispitivanja. TakoÄer, primjena lijeka protekla je uz manji dio nuspojava. Ipak, za detaljniju analizu potreban je veÄi broj bolesnika te se u buduÄnosti planiraju prikazati i navedeni podatci.Cladribine (MavencladĀ®, Merck Europe, The Netherlands) is a drug used in patients with highly active multiple sclerosis (MS). The exact mechanism is not known but it is considered that drug affects the function of DNA and mitochondria leading to apoptosis of lymphocytes. The effi cacy and safety of cladribine were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial (CLARITY study) and later on in studies resulting from this study. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who received cladribine had a statistically signifi cant improvement in the annual rate of relapse, proportion of relapse-free patients and proportion of patients without persistent disability. The aim of this study was to analyze MS patients treated with cladribine at the Department of Neurology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre and to compare the results with the existing fi ndings on the drug. This retrospective one-year analysis included patients eligible for cladribine treatment. In total, cladribine was administered to 15 patients. Of these, 46% of patients had previously received fi rst-line immunomodulatory therapy and 53% of patients had not previously undergone immunomodulatory therapy. After one year, before applying second drug cycle, there were no relapses in 66% of patients. In total, there were 20% of side effects, mostly skin reactions. Analysis of data on our group of patients revealed that some of the results were consistent with the CLARITY study, and certain data were approximate to this study. Also, drug administration was associated with a small proportion of side effects. However, additional analysis in a greater patient sample is required, and we plan to extend this study and provide new information in the future
TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS WITH CLADRIBINE ā A RETROSPECTIVE ONE-YEAR ANALYSIS AT DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY, SESTRE MILOSRDNICE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CENTRE IN ZAGREB
Kladribin (MavencladĀ®, Merck, Nizozemska) je lijek koji se primjenjuje u lijeÄenju visoko aktivnog oblika multiple skleroze (MS). Mehanizam djelovanja nije u potpunosti jasan, ali se smatra da lijek djeluje na funkciju DNA i mitohondrija Äime dovodi do apopoptoze limfocita. Djelotvornost i sigurnost kladribina bile su procijenjene u randomiziranom, dvostruko slijepom, placebom kontroliranom kliniÄkom ispitivanju (studija CLARITY) te kasnijim istraživanjima koja su proizaÅ”la iz tog ispitivanja. U navedenom ispitivanju bolesnici s relapsno remitentnom multiplom sklerozom (RRMS) lijeÄeni kladribinom pokazali su statistiÄki znaÄajno poboljÅ”anje u godiÅ”njoj stopi relapsa, udjelu bolesnika bez relapsa i udjelu bolesnika bez postojane onesposobljenosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati bolesnike s MS-om koji su lijeÄeni kladribinom na Klinici za neurologiju KliniÄkog bolniÄkog centra Sestre milosrdnice u Zagrebu te usporediti rezultate s postojeÄim saznanjima o lijeku. Retrospektivnom analizom u godini dana analizirali smo bolesnike kod kojih je bilo indicirano lijeÄenje kladribinom. Ukupno je kladribin primijenjen 15-orici bolesnika. Od toga je 46 % bolesnika prethodno bilo lijeÄeno imunomodulacijskom terapijom prve linije, a 53 % bolesnika nije bilo lijeÄeno takvom terapijom. Nakon godine dana, prije primjene drugog ciklusa lijeka, za vrijeme pisanja ovog rada, kod 66 % bolesnika nije bilo relapsa. Ukupno je bilo 20 % nuspojava od kojih su najÄeÅ”Äe bile kožne reakcije. Analizom naÅ”e skupine bolesnika odreÄen dio rezultata odgovarao je rezultatima studije CLARITY, a ostali podatci bili su približni rezultatima navedenog ispitivanja. TakoÄer, primjena lijeka protekla je uz manji dio nuspojava. Ipak, za detaljniju analizu potreban je veÄi broj bolesnika te se u buduÄnosti planiraju prikazati i navedeni podatci.Cladribine (MavencladĀ®, Merck Europe, The Netherlands) is a drug used in patients with highly active multiple sclerosis (MS). The exact mechanism is not known but it is considered that drug affects the function of DNA and mitochondria leading to apoptosis of lymphocytes. The effi cacy and safety of cladribine were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial (CLARITY study) and later on in studies resulting from this study. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who received cladribine had a statistically signifi cant improvement in the annual rate of relapse, proportion of relapse-free patients and proportion of patients without persistent disability. The aim of this study was to analyze MS patients treated with cladribine at the Department of Neurology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre and to compare the results with the existing fi ndings on the drug. This retrospective one-year analysis included patients eligible for cladribine treatment. In total, cladribine was administered to 15 patients. Of these, 46% of patients had previously received fi rst-line immunomodulatory therapy and 53% of patients had not previously undergone immunomodulatory therapy. After one year, before applying second drug cycle, there were no relapses in 66% of patients. In total, there were 20% of side effects, mostly skin reactions. Analysis of data on our group of patients revealed that some of the results were consistent with the CLARITY study, and certain data were approximate to this study. Also, drug administration was associated with a small proportion of side effects. However, additional analysis in a greater patient sample is required, and we plan to extend this study and provide new information in the future
UPDATE ON GUIDELINES FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS BY THE CROATIAN SOCIETY FOR NEUROVASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE CROATIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AND CROATIAN SOCIETY OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROGENETICS
Multipla skleroza (MS) je bolest srediÅ”njeg živÄanog sustava koja se prezentira brojnim simptomima iz razliÄitih funkcijskih cjelina toga sustava. Kako se posljednjih godina poveÄao broj dostupnih lijekova, ukazuje se potreba trajne provjere saznanja o dijagnostici i lijeÄenju ove bolesti putem medicine temeljene na dokazima. Time se nameÄe i potreba kontinuiranog obnavljanja nacionalnih i meÄunarodnih smjernica, u naÅ”em sluÄaju, na razini regionalnih smjernica Europskog odbora za lijeÄenje i istraživanje multiple skleroze (engl. ECTRIMS, European Committee of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis) i Europske neuroloÅ”ke akademije (engl. EAN, European Academy of Neurology) s ciljem omoguÄavanja najbolje medicinske terapije za svakog bolesnika, koja je temeljena na individualiziranom pristupu. Temelji novih smjernica su nedavno ažurirane EAN-ove preporuke za razvoj smjernica, koje su rezultat iscrpnog istraživanja literature do prosinca 2016. godine. S obzirom na rizik od sistemske pogreÅ”ke, kvaliteta dokaza za svaki ishod bila je stupnjevana u Äetiri kategorije kako slijedi: vrlo visoka, visoka, niska i vrlo niska. S obzirom na kvalitetu dokaza te omjera rizika i dobrobiti preporukama je pridružena snažna i slaba jaÄina. Pozornost istraživanja bila je usmjerena na nekoliko najvažnijih pitanja, koja su obuhvaÄala uspjeÅ”nost lijeÄenja, odgovor na primijenjenu terapiju, strategiju za prepoznavanje odgovarajuÄeg odgovora i sigurnost, te terapijsku strategiju lijeÄenja multiple skleroze u trudnoÄi. Smjernicama su obuhvaÄeni svi lijekovi koji modifi ciraju tijek bolesti, a koji su odobreni od strane Europske agencije za lijekove (engl. EMA, European Medicine Agency). U posebne skupine rasporeÄeni su bolesnici s kliniÄki izoliranim sindromom koji ne ispunjavaju dijagnostiÄke kriterije za kliniÄki defi nitivnu MS, dok su bolesnici s dokazanom MS podijeljeni s obzirom na razliÄite kliniÄke podtipove MS-a sukladno važeÄim dijagnostiÄkim smjernicama.Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and presents by numerous symptoms from different CNS functional systems. As the number of available treatments has increased in recent years, the need has emerged for continuous evaluation on MS diagnosis and treatment based on evidence-based medicine. This implies the need for continuous renewal of national and international guidelines, in our case, based on the regional guidelines of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and European Academy of Neurology (EAN) with the aim of providing the best medical therapy for each patient, based on an individualized approach. These new guidelines are based on the recently updated EAN recommendations that have been derived as the result of exhaustive literature research as of December 2016. Given the risk of system error, the quality of evidence for each outcome has been subdivided into four categories, as follows: very high, high, low and very low. Given the quality of evidence and the risk and benefit ratio, the recommendations are accompanied by strong and weak strength. The research was focused on several key issues, including treatment effectiveness, response to therapy applied, strategy for recognizing appropriate response and safety, and therapeutic strategy for MS treatment during pregnancy. The guidelines cover all medicines that modify the course of the disease and are approved by the European Medicines Agency. Patients with clinically isolated syndrome that do not meet diagnostic criteria for clinically definitive MS have been assigned to special groups while patients with proven MS are divided into different clinical subtypes of MS in accordance with valid diagnostic guidelines
UPDATE ON GUIDELINES FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS BY THE CROATIAN SOCIETY FOR NEUROVASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE CROATIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AND CROATIAN SOCIETY OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROGENETICS
Multipla skleroza (MS) je bolest srediÅ”njeg živÄanog sustava koja se prezentira brojnim simptomima iz razliÄitih funkcijskih cjelina toga sustava. Kako se posljednjih godina poveÄao broj dostupnih lijekova, ukazuje se potreba trajne provjere saznanja o dijagnostici i lijeÄenju ove bolesti putem medicine temeljene na dokazima. Time se nameÄe i potreba kontinuiranog obnavljanja nacionalnih i meÄunarodnih smjernica, u naÅ”em sluÄaju, na razini regionalnih smjernica Europskog odbora za lijeÄenje i istraživanje multiple skleroze (engl. ECTRIMS, European Committee of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis) i Europske neuroloÅ”ke akademije (engl. EAN, European Academy of Neurology) s ciljem omoguÄavanja najbolje medicinske terapije za svakog bolesnika, koja je temeljena na individualiziranom pristupu. Temelji novih smjernica su nedavno ažurirane EAN-ove preporuke za razvoj smjernica, koje su rezultat iscrpnog istraživanja literature do prosinca 2016. godine. S obzirom na rizik od sistemske pogreÅ”ke, kvaliteta dokaza za svaki ishod bila je stupnjevana u Äetiri kategorije kako slijedi: vrlo visoka, visoka, niska i vrlo niska. S obzirom na kvalitetu dokaza te omjera rizika i dobrobiti preporukama je pridružena snažna i slaba jaÄina. Pozornost istraživanja bila je usmjerena na nekoliko najvažnijih pitanja, koja su obuhvaÄala uspjeÅ”nost lijeÄenja, odgovor na primijenjenu terapiju, strategiju za prepoznavanje odgovarajuÄeg odgovora i sigurnost, te terapijsku strategiju lijeÄenja multiple skleroze u trudnoÄi. Smjernicama su obuhvaÄeni svi lijekovi koji modifi ciraju tijek bolesti, a koji su odobreni od strane Europske agencije za lijekove (engl. EMA, European Medicine Agency). U posebne skupine rasporeÄeni su bolesnici s kliniÄki izoliranim sindromom koji ne ispunjavaju dijagnostiÄke kriterije za kliniÄki defi nitivnu MS, dok su bolesnici s dokazanom MS podijeljeni s obzirom na razliÄite kliniÄke podtipove MS-a sukladno važeÄim dijagnostiÄkim smjernicama.Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and presents by numerous symptoms from different CNS functional systems. As the number of available treatments has increased in recent years, the need has emerged for continuous evaluation on MS diagnosis and treatment based on evidence-based medicine. This implies the need for continuous renewal of national and international guidelines, in our case, based on the regional guidelines of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and European Academy of Neurology (EAN) with the aim of providing the best medical therapy for each patient, based on an individualized approach. These new guidelines are based on the recently updated EAN recommendations that have been derived as the result of exhaustive literature research as of December 2016. Given the risk of system error, the quality of evidence for each outcome has been subdivided into four categories, as follows: very high, high, low and very low. Given the quality of evidence and the risk and benefit ratio, the recommendations are accompanied by strong and weak strength. The research was focused on several key issues, including treatment effectiveness, response to therapy applied, strategy for recognizing appropriate response and safety, and therapeutic strategy for MS treatment during pregnancy. The guidelines cover all medicines that modify the course of the disease and are approved by the European Medicines Agency. Patients with clinically isolated syndrome that do not meet diagnostic criteria for clinically definitive MS have been assigned to special groups while patients with proven MS are divided into different clinical subtypes of MS in accordance with valid diagnostic guidelines
The impact of price on satisfaction and loyalty of Generation Y when buying online
Cijena je jedini element marketinÅ”kog miksa koji generira prihod te je iz tog razloga zahtjeva pozornost. Prilikom kupnje putem interneta upravo cijena predstavlja jedan od kriterija na kojima pojedinci donose odluku o kupnji. Pritom treba uzeti u obzir kako promjena cijene može dovesti u pitanje zadovoljstvo i lojalnost samih potroÅ”aÄa spram odreÄenih proizvoda ili usluga. Pozitivni osjeÄaji kod potroÅ”aÄa najÄeÅ”Äe rezultiraju zadovoljstvom, dok lojalnost može biti posljedica zadovoljstva. Stoga Äe se izradom ovog rada i provedenim istraživanjem probati otkriti koliko cijena može utjecati na zadovoljstvo i lojalnost potroÅ”aÄa generacije Y prilikom online kupnj
The impact of price on satisfaction and loyalty of Generation Y when buying online
Cijena je jedini element marketinÅ”kog miksa koji generira prihod te je iz tog razloga zahtjeva pozornost. Prilikom kupnje putem interneta upravo cijena predstavlja jedan od kriterija na kojima pojedinci donose odluku o kupnji. Pritom treba uzeti u obzir kako promjena cijene može dovesti u pitanje zadovoljstvo i lojalnost samih potroÅ”aÄa spram odreÄenih proizvoda ili usluga. Pozitivni osjeÄaji kod potroÅ”aÄa najÄeÅ”Äe rezultiraju zadovoljstvom, dok lojalnost može biti posljedica zadovoljstva. Stoga Äe se izradom ovog rada i provedenim istraživanjem probati otkriti koliko cijena može utjecati na zadovoljstvo i lojalnost potroÅ”aÄa generacije Y prilikom online kupnj
The impact of price on satisfaction and loyalty of Generation Y when buying online
Cijena je jedini element marketinÅ”kog miksa koji generira prihod te je iz tog razloga zahtjeva pozornost. Prilikom kupnje putem interneta upravo cijena predstavlja jedan od kriterija na kojima pojedinci donose odluku o kupnji. Pritom treba uzeti u obzir kako promjena cijene može dovesti u pitanje zadovoljstvo i lojalnost samih potroÅ”aÄa spram odreÄenih proizvoda ili usluga. Pozitivni osjeÄaji kod potroÅ”aÄa najÄeÅ”Äe rezultiraju zadovoljstvom, dok lojalnost može biti posljedica zadovoljstva. Stoga Äe se izradom ovog rada i provedenim istraživanjem probati otkriti koliko cijena može utjecati na zadovoljstvo i lojalnost potroÅ”aÄa generacije Y prilikom online kupnj