Clinical exam protocol for the equine thoracolumbar spine

Thoracolumbar injuries represent a challenge to the veterinarian that seeks to eliminate the pain, reinstitute the athletic use of the horse and minimize economic losses. The percentage of lost training days due to orthopedic conditions in race horses is of 72.1% and within those conditions is back pain, whicht represents from 4.35% to 20% of the lameness cases. The present study searched to establish a protocol based on score points for the thoracolumbar physical exam, by which it is able to determine the possible affected areas and the seriousness of the injuries. Along with the physical exam, it was performed an ultrasonographic exam of the thoracolumbar region to characterize and classify the injuries found, as to accompany its evolution after treatment. It was observed a clear reduction in the physical exam score sum in all animals between the exam days being that the exam of most of the animals presented a zero score at 60 days after the treatment. Relating the evolution of the clinical exam with the ultrasonography image tests, there was a positive association between the reduction score in the severity scale and the evolution of the ultrasonographic image of the evaluated structures. Thus, it can be concluded that gradation of the physical exam showed to be efficient and allowed the monitoring of the clinical evolution, as the answer of the injuries to the suggested treatment. Besides that, the results showed that 60 days is the ideal time for the first reevaluation of the animal after the treatment

Gait analysis in clinically healthy sheep from three different age groups using a pressure-sensitive walkway

Background: Understanding normal gait requires allowing for variations in normal patterns by the sex, age, and species in question. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate kinetic and temporospatial parameters in clinically healthy sheep from three different age groups with a pressure-sensing walkway. The sheep were judged to be healthy based on the results of complete physical and orthopaedic examinations and had no history of lameness. Twenty-one clinically healthy female Santa Ines sheep were divided into three groups: G1 - seven animals, aged from 8 to 12 months and weighing 19.5-33 kg; G2 - seven individuals, aged from 2 to 4 years and weighing 26.5-42 kg; and G3 - seven sheep, aged more than 5 years and weighing 37.3-45 kg. The animals were examined from two directions: first on the left side and then on the right side of the handler. The data from the first five valid trials in each direction were collected for each sheep and analysed using the designated software. A trial was considered valid if the sheep walked within the correct velocity (1.1-1.3 m/s) and acceleration (from -0.15 to 0.15 m/s(2)) ranges. The peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), gait cycle time, stance time, swing time, stride length, and the percentage body weight distribution among the four limbs were determined.Results: No significant differences were observed, in either the forelimbs or the hind limbs, between the left and right sides or between the two directions for any of the variables. No significant temporospatial differences were found among the groups. Significant PVF (%BW) differences were observed in the forelimbs (G1 > G3) and hind limbs (G1 > G3), and significant VI differences were observed in the forelimbs (G1 > G3).Conclusions: Young healthy sheep differ from older sheep in the vertical forces they create when walking at the same velocity on a pressure-sensing walkway

Training in V200, HRpeak and worked distance values in Arabian and Criollo horses

Avaliou-se o efeito do treinamento em esteira sobre a velocidade na qual a frequência cardíaca (FC) atinge o valor de 200 batimentos por minuto (V200), frequência cardíaca pico (FCpico) e sobre a distância percorrida em duas raças de equinos com aptidões diferentes. Para tanto, foram utilizados cinco equinos adultos da raça Árabe (GA) e cinco da raça Crioula (GC), submetidos ao teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) com inclinação da esteira de 6%, velocidade inicial de 1,8m s-1 por 5 minutos, fases a 4m s-1 por 3 minutos, a 6m s-1 por 2 minutos e fases a 8m s-1, 9m s-1, 10m s-1 e 11m s-1 por 1 minuto cada, até os cavalos não acompanharem a velocidade da esteira, mesmo sendo estimulados. A V200 de cada cavalo foi determinada através da regressão linear da FC versus a velocidade antes (M0) e após o treinamento (M1). O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) individual foi determinado para o cálculo da carga de trabalho nas nove semanas de treinamento, sendo cinco semanas com a carga de 35% VO2max, duas a 50% VO2max e duas a 100% VO2max. Os exercícios foram realizados uma vez por dia, cinco dias por semana e com inclinação de 6%. A média da V200 antes do treinamento (M0) foi 7,4±0,5 e 7,4±1,2m s-1, para o GA e GC, respectivamente, e após o treinamento (M1) foi 7,8±0,8 e 7,0±0,7m s-1, para o GA e GC, respectivamente. A média da FCpico no M0 foi 221,6±9,0 e 207,4±7,3bpm para o GA e GC, respectivamente, e no M1 foi 226,0±8,4 e 215,0±7,7bpm, para o GA e GC, respectivamente. A distância percorrida em metros no M0 foi de 3.391,0±252,0 e 2.446,0±96,3m para o GA e GC respectivamente, e no M1 foi de 3.850,8±462,2 e 2.698,6±335,8m para o GA e GC, respectivamente. Para a V200, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos (P=0,4643) e os momentos (P=1,0). Para a FCpico, houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (P=0,0064), mas não entre os momentos (P=0,1348) . Para a distância percorrida, houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (P=0,0002) e entre os momentos (P=0,0092). Provavelmente, o treinamento condicionou os equinos a antecipar o exercício quando encaminhados à esteira, elevando a FC e influenciando nos valores da V200. Conclui-se que a V200 foi ineficaz para a constatação de diferenças no desempenho atlético entre as duas raças e para avaliação do efeito do treinamento em esteira. Demonstrando a necessidade da associação de outros índices de desempenho como a distância percorrida para assegurar a devida interpretação do efeito de programas de treinamento sobre o desempenho de equinos em testes físicos de exercício.The effects of a training program on V200, HRpeak and worked distance were evaluated in two horse breeds with distinct aptitudes. Five Arabian (GA) and five Crioulo (GC’) adult horses were subjected to incremental exercise tests on a 6% slope, which consisted of 5 minutes at 1.8m s-1, 3 minutes at 4m s-1, 2 minutes at 6m s-1, then 1 minute steps at 8m s-1, 9m s-1, 10m s-1 and 11m s-1 or until the horse could not keep up the speed even being encouraged. V200 was achieved through linear regression analyses of heart rate vs. speed. Individual maximum oxygen uptake (VO2máx) was determined to establish speed during 9 weeks of training, being 35% of the VO2máx for 5 weeks, 50% for 2 weeks, and 100% for two additional weeks. Horses were exercised once a day, for 5 days a week, on a 6% slope. Mean V200 before training (M0) was 7.4±0.5m s-1 and 7.4±1.,2m s-1, for GA and GC, respectively, and after training (M1) was 7.8±0.8m s-1 and 7.0±0.7m s-1, for GA and GC, respectively. Mean HRpeak at M0 was 221.6±9.0 and 207.4±7.3 for GA and GC, respectively, and 226.0±8.4 and 215.0±7.7 at M1,for GA and GC respectively. Worked distance at M0 was 3391.0±252.0 and 2446.0±96.3 for GA e GC respectively, and at M1 was 3850.8±462.2 and 2698.6±335.8 for GA and GC respectively. No significant differences were observed between groups (P=0.4643) or moments (P=1.0) for V200. To HRpeak. there was statistical difference only between groups (P=0.0064). For the index of the distance traveled there was statistical difference between groups (P=0.0002) and moments (P=0.0092). Training probably conditioned horses to anticipate exercise when taken to the treadmill, therefore increasing heart rate and being an influence on V200 values. V200 was considered ineffective to assess differences in athletic performance between breeds and to evaluate the effect of treadmill training. Therefore it is necessary to associate other performance indicators as the distance to ensure appropriate interpretation of training effect programs on equine performance

Back pain in horses

Back pain, whether they have a primary or secondary origin, is a important cause to the drop of the equine performance, but the size and the complex biomechanics make it difficult to diagnosis and treat the injury. As it is, the knowledge of this anatomic site is of great importance to the thoracolumbar examination. The diagnosis of back pain is done through physical examination and complementary exams, represented by the image methods of diagnosis, such as radiography, ultrasonography and thermography. The most important lesions that cause the back pain in an equine are impingement of the dorsal spinous processes, desmopathy of the supraespinous ligament, osteoarthritis of the articular processes and lesions of the vertebral discs and body. The most common treatments to back pain are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local injections, acupuncture, physiotherapy, training management and surgery