13 research outputs found
The CUAVA-1 CubeSat—A Pathfinder Satellite for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation
- Author
- Antoniades Andreas
- Bai Xueliang
- Betters Christopher H.
- Bryant Flynn
- Byrne David
- Cairns Iver H.
- Cetin Ediz
- Cheong Joon Wayn
- Cho Byung Hoon
- Chu Chung Hang
- Dempster Andrew G.
- Diessel Oliver
- Eun Youngho
- Galletly Mitchell William
- Harpur James
- Held Jason
- Huang Yijun
- Hussey Daniel Roger
- Khachan Joe
- Leon-Saval Sergio
- Lian Alex Gaoshan
- Michaels Paris
- Michaels Paris
- Michaels Paris
- Monger Anthony
- Murdoch Alix
- Oppel Patrick
- Song Ada Jiexin
- Unicomb James
- Wu Tong
- Wu Xiaofeng
- Publication venue
- DigitalCommons@USU
- Publication date
- 07/08/2021
- Field of study
In this paper we report a 3U CubeSat named CUAVA-1 designed by the ARC Training Centre for CubeSats, UAVs, and Their Applications (CUAVA). CUAVA, funded by the Australian Research Council, aims to train students, develop new instruments and technology to solve crucial problems, and help develop a world-class Australian industry in CubeSats, UAVs, and related products. The CUAVA-1 project is the Centre’s first CubeSat mission, following on from the 2 Australian satellites INSPIRE-2 and UNSW-EC0 CubeSats that launched in 2017. The mission is designed to serve as a precursor for a series of Earth observations missions and to demonstrate new technologies developed by our partners. We also intend to use the satellite to provide students hands-on experiences and to gain experience for our engineering, science and industry teams for future, more complex, missions
Effectiveness of a national quality improvement programme to improve survival after emergency abdominal surgery (EPOCH): a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial
- Author
- Abbott
- Abdel Omer
- Abhiram Sharma
- Abigail Patrick
- Adam Wolverson
- Adrian Fawcet
- Adrian Jennings
- Aggarwal
- Ahmed
- Ajaya Mull
- Ajit Abraham
- Ajit Sivasankaranand
- Alan Girling
- Alan Morrison
- Alastair Ankers
- Alastair Rose
- Alexandra Scott
- Alexandra Williams
- Alison Hool
- Alison Pickford
- Alistair Roy
- Alistair Steel
- Alister Myers
- Almas Rehman
- Amanda McCairn
- Amanda Stevens
- Amir Rafi
- Amira Girgis
- Amit Shukla
- Ana Alegria
- Anderson
- Andreas Brodbeck
- Andreou Prematie
- Andrew Brennan
- Andrew Burtenshaw
- Andrew Claxton
- Andrew Lindner
- Andrew Miller
- Andrew Thorniley
- Andrew White
- Andy Thacker
- Anil Hermandes
- Anita Jhamatt
- Anita Sugavanam
- Anitha Holtham
- Anjay Talwar
- Ann Thomson
- Ann Thomson
- Anne Scase
- Anthony Gordon
- Anthony Parsons
- Arnab Bhowmick
- Arnth Engel
- Ash Prabhudesai
- Ashok Raj
- Asif Jah
- Auerbach
- Avninder Chana
- Ayan Banerjea
- Ayodele Obideyi
- Babu Muthuswamy
- Bala Maiya
- Banwari Agarwal
- Barclay Tofte
- Batalden
- Belinda Cornforth
- Benning
- Beth Hale
- Biju Aravind
- Bion
- Brenda Stacey
- Brennan C Kahan
- Brennan Kahan
- Britta O'Carroll-Kuehn
- Bruce Gibson
- Carl Waldmann
- Carmen Correia
- Carol J Peden
- Carol Mcarthur
- Carol Peden
- Carolyn Tarrant
- Carolyn Way
- Catherine Farrow
- Catherine Jardine
- Catherine Pitman
- Catherine Rimmer
- Charles Cartwright
- Charles Knowles
- Chitre Vivek
- Chloe Rochester
- Chris Coldwell
- Chris Dawson
- Chris Horner
- Chris Lewis
- Chris Nutt
- Chris Thorn
- Chris Wilson
- Christine Boyd
- Christine Bronder
- Christopher Macklin
- Clare Stapleton
- Clare Stapleton
- Colin Pow
- Craig Lyness
- Craig Morris
- Dale Vimalchandran
- Damian Laba
- Damschroder
- Dan Broad
- Dan Freshwater-Turner
- Daniel Conway
- Daren Subar
- Dave Murray
- David Bottomley
- David Browell
- David Cromwell
- David Gerrard
- David Humes
- David Inglis
- David Kocman
- David Melville
- David Monk
- David Murray
- David Pogson
- David Riddington
- David Saunders
- David Saunders
- David Stanley
- Davina Ross-Anderson
- Dawn Hales
- Dean Millican
- Debbie Shaw
- Denzil May
- Dewi Williams
- Dhiraj Ali
- Diane Monkhouse
- Diane Murray
- Dileep Lobo
- Dipankar Mukherjee
- Dixon-Woods
- Dolores Mateo
- Dom Hurford
- Dominic Sebastian
- Donna Doyle
- Duncan Wells
- Duncan Wells
- Edward Curtis
- Edward Lams
- Edyta Niebrzegowska
- Elizabeth Hall
- Elizabeth Hall
- Elizabeth Harwood
- Emanuel Cirstea
- Emma Brennan
- Emma Davis
- Emma Durant
- Emma Leno
- Erin Mcilveen
- Essam El-Damatty
- Esther Cook
- Everingham
- Ewen Griffiths
- Ewen Harrison
- Fabian Cook
- Faisal Baig
- Fan Yang
- Fanus Dreyer
- Fenella Welsh
- Ferdinand Adams
- Fiona McMenemie
- Flavia Menezes
- Flora Bailey
- Fran Haigh
- Frances Mosley
- Francesca Rubulotta
- Frankie Dorman
- Gabriele Marangoni
- Gail Stark
- Gail Williams
- Gareth Ackland
- Gareth Moncaster
- Gary Minto
- Gary Minto
- Gavin Bryce
- Geoff Watson
- Georgia Knight
- Gerry Richardson
- Gerry Richardson
- Gethin Williams
- Gill Tierney
- Gillian O'Connell
- Giovanni Brescia
- Glenn Arnold
- Glenn Robert
- Gordon Forbes
- Gordon Milne
- Graham Martin
- Graham Martin
- Graham Martin
- Graham Wilson
- Grainne O'Dwyer
- Grant Sanders
- Greg Lawton
- Gudrun Kunst
- Guy Finch
- Guy Nash
- Guy Rousseau
- Hamish Noble
- Hannah Smith
- Harjeet Narula
- Haynes
- Hazel Stuart
- Heather Pratt
- Helen Agostini
- Helen Black
- Helen Howes
- Helen Langton
- Helen Porter
- Helen Reed
- Helena Stafford
- Hitesh Patel
- Huddart
- Hussey
- Huw Davis
- Iain Anderson
- Iain Christie
- Ian Clement
- Ilona Raulusaite
- Inga Misane
- Ingeborg Welters
- Isabella Karat
- Jack Carmichael
- Jack Parry Jones
- Jagdeep Singh
- James Bromilow
- James Brown
- James Burrow
- James Burrow
- James Harris
- James Kirby-Bott
- James Limb
- Jamie Greenwood
- Jan Hanousek
- Jane Blazeby
- Janindra Warusavitarne
- Jason Cupitt
- Jay Gokhale
- Jay Susarla
- Jennifer Edwards
- Jennifer Spimpolo
- Jenny McLachan
- Jenny Ritzema
- Jenny Wright
- Jens Full
- Jeremy Marwick
- Jessica Thrush
- Jigna Modha
- John Abercrombie
- John Corson
- John Griffith
- John Hopper
- John Mackinnon
- John Tansley
- John Wells
- Jonathan Mccullough
- Jonathan Paddle
- Jonathon Barker
- Jonathon Mole
- Jonny Wilkinson
- Jose Lourtie
- Josef Watfah
- Joseph Silsby
- Jost Mullenheim
- Julian Bion
- Julian Bion
- Julian Sonksen
- Julian Stone
- Julie Colley
- Julie Furneval
- Julie Wakeford
- Julie Wollaston
- Justin Kirk-Bayley
- Justin Waring
- Justin Waring
- Justin Woods
- Jyrki Karvonen
- Kahan
- Kahan
- Kaighan Lynne
- Kamal Aryal
- Karan Verma
- Karen Burns
- Karen Simeson
- Karl Blenk
- Karthik Surendran
- Kate Carey
- Kate Rivett
- Kate Rivett
- Kate Wong
- Katherine Allen
- Kathryn Cain
- Kathryn Gill
- Katie Cooke
- Keiarash Jovestani
- Kenneth Adegoke
- Kerwei Tan
- Kevin Rooney
- Kevin Sim
- Khaled Razouk
- Kim Jemmet
- Kirosh Shankar
- Kirsty Baillie
- Kirsty Everingham
- Krishnamurthy Somasekar
- Kumar Panikkar
- Kuper
- Lampros Liasis
- Langley
- Laura Fitton
- Laura Graham
- Laura Perrin-Brown
- Laura Rooney
- Lawrence Wilson
- Leatherman
- Lee Baldwin
- Leilani Cabreros
- Liam Hudson
- Linda Graham
- Linden Baxter
- Lindsay Bailey
- Lorna Burrows
- Louise Bell
- Lynn Stewart
- Lynn Taylor
- Lynsey Kightly
- Magdy Khater
- Magen Schwarz
- Maitra Ishaan
- Majed Al Shama
- Makvana Sonia
- Malcolm Sim
- Malcolm Watters
- Mallikarjunappa Satisha
- Manab Mohanty
- Mandeep Phull
- Mansoor Akhtar
- Mansoor Sange
- Marcus Wood
- Maria Bews-Hair
- Maria Lawson
- Marion Obichere
- Mark Blunt
- Mark Cartmell
- Mark Coleman
- Mark Edwards
- Mark Henwood
- Mark Munro
- Mark Pulletz
- Mark Snazelle
- Mark Watson
- Mark Wilkinson
- Marta Campbell
- Marta Januszewska
- Martin
- Martin Leuwer
- Martin Leuwer
- Martin Northey
- Martin Stotz
- Martyn Cain
- Massimo Varcada
- Matt Gardner
- Matt Outram
- Matthew Gaughan
- Matthew Tutton
- Maurizio Cecconi
- Megan Griffiths
- Meghna Sharma
- Melanie Tan
- Michael Chadwick
- Michael Crabtree
- Michael Gillies
- Michael Karlikowsk
- Michael Machesney
- Michael Martin
- Michael Protopapas
- Michie
- Mike Bradburn
- Mike Bradburn
- Mike Gay
- Mike Grocott
- Miqdad Asaria
- Moller
- Monty Mythen
- Moraros
- Morgan
- Nabil El-Masry
- Nabua Gerstina
- Nada Hadi
- Nandita Divekar
- Nat Natarajan
- Natalie Dickinson
- Nathan Borgeaud
- Nathan Pushpa
- Nazar Abdul
- Nazzia Mirza
- Neil Cruickshank
- Neil Flint
- Neil Kukreja
- Neil Smith
- Nicholas Watson
- Nick Bunker
- Nick Harper
- Nick Mason
- Nick Watson
- Nicola Cook
- Nicola Lythell
- Nicola Radford
- Nicola Stranix
- Nicole Robin
- Nigel Hollister
- Nigel Suggett
- Niko Van De Velde
- Nikolaos Makris
- Obioha Ukoumunne
- Olga Tucker
- Oliver Hill
- Oliver Zuzan
- Oluremi Odejinmi
- Omar Faiz
- Otto Mohr
- Paddy Collins
- Panna Patel
- Pannick
- Pasupathy Raju
- Paul Harrison
- Paul Hayden
- Paul Mclaren
- Paul Noble
- Paul O'Loughlin
- Paul Ziprin
- Paul Ziprin
- Pedro Cunha
- Peeyush Kumar
- Peter Alexander
- Peter Chan
- Peter Davies
- Peter Fitzgerald
- Peter Holt
- Peter Lamb
- Peter Richardson
- Phil Dodd
- Phil Hopkins
- Phillippa Pemberton
- Phoebe Bodger
- Pieter Bothma
- Pieter Bothma
- Piroska Toth-Tarsoly
- Preeti Kuduvalli
- Presseau
- Qamar Iqbal
- Rachael Craven
- Rachel Bartlett
- Rachel Evley
- Rai Kuldip
- Rajan Patel
- Rajesh Dumpala
- Rajpal Dhingsa
- Rakhee Visavadia
- Raman Guruswamy
- Ramani Moonesinghe
- Rame Sunthareswaran
- Ramesh Rajagopal
- Ranjit Ganepola
- Raoul Benlloch
- Ravi Mahajan
- Razeen Mahroof
- Richard Gibbs
- Richard Hartopp
- Richard Haslop
- Richard Howard-Griffin
- Richard Lilford
- Richard Morgan
- Richard Stevenson
- Richard Wharton
- Ricky Lewis
- Rob Chambers
- Robert DeBrunner
- Robert Shawcross
- Robert Sutcliffe
- Roger Townsend
- Roshan Lal
- Rovan D'souza
- Rowena Felipe
- Roy Fernandes
- Rupert M Pearse
- Rupert Pearse
- Ruth Griffin
- Ruth Thomas
- Sally Kerry
- Sally Kerry
- Sally Roth
- Sam Andrews
- Sam Waddy
- Samer Doughan
- Sami Farhat
- Sami Ijaz
- Sandeep Varma
- Sanjay Wijeykoon
- Sanjiv Patel
- Sara Pick
- Sarada Gurung
- Sarah Beavis
- Sarah Bowery
- Sarah Buckley
- Sarah Downey
- Saravanna Sagadai
- Satish Singh
- Saunders
- Savvas Papagrigoriadis
- Schouten
- Sean Cope
- Sean McAfee
- Sean Mcmullan
- Sean Tighe
- Sedgwick
- Senthil Nadarajavan
- Sergei Vaganov
- Shameem Sarfi
- Sharon Drake
- Sheshagiri Bengeri
- Shrisha Shenoy
- Shubha Vashisht
- Sian Bhardwaj
- Sid Riddington
- Simon Bailey
- Simon Fletcher
- Simon Gibson
- Simon Harris
- Simon Hester
- Simon Howell
- Simon Parrington
- Simon Sleight
- Simon Smart
- Simon Walker
- Singh Gursevak
- Somi Desikan
- Sophie Noblett
- Stacy Hodges
- Stas Janokowski
- Stefan Pulsa
- Stelios Chatzimichail
- Stella Vig
- Stephanie Bell
- Stephanie Brown
- Stephen Baxter
- Stephen Brett
- Stephen Lake
- Stephens
- Steve Fletcher
- Steve Hutchinson
- Steven Henderson
- Stewart Prestwich
- Stuart Mercer
- Sudha Garg
- Surjait Singh
- Susan Dowling
- Susan Jain
- Susan Moug
- Susan Tyson
- Susie Baker
- Syed Iftikhar
- Tabitha Tanqueray
- Taj Saran
- Tamas Szakmany
- Tamas Szakmany
- Tamsin Rope
- Tamzin Cuming
- Tanuja Shah
- Tariq Husain
- Tengberg
- Tezas Stergios
- Therese Murray
- Thomas Evans
- Thomas Medici
- Thomas Parker
- Tim Campbell-Smith
- Tim Geary
- Tim Harvard
- Tim Stephens
- Tim Stephens
- Tim White
- Tom Abbott
- Tom Morgan-Jones
- Tom Owen
- Tom Owen
- Tomas Jovaisa
- Una McNelis
- Valerie Hilton
- Vamsi Velchuru
- Vanessa Linnett
- Vanessa Tucker
- Veena Naik
- Verity Calder
- Vester-Andersen
- Victoria Banks
- Vishal Patil
- Vivek Chitre
- Vlad Kushakovsky
- Wael Khalaf
- Wayne Wrathall
- White
- White
- Will Brady
- Williams
- Xavier Escofet
- Yasser Mohsen
- Ying Hu
- Zakaulla Belagodu
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 05/10/2018
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Emergency abdominal surgery is associated with poor patient outcomes. We studied the effectiveness of a national quality improvement (QI) programme to implement a care pathway to improve survival for these patients. METHODS: We did a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial of patients aged 40 years or older undergoing emergency open major abdominal surgery. Eligible UK National Health Service (NHS) hospitals (those that had an emergency general surgical service, a substantial volume of emergency abdominal surgery cases, and contributed data to the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit) were organised into 15 geographical clusters and commenced the QI programme in a random order, based on a computer-generated random sequence, over an 85-week period with one geographical cluster commencing the intervention every 5 weeks from the second to the 16th time period. Patients were masked to the study group, but it was not possible to mask hospital staff or investigators. The primary outcome measure was mortality within 90 days of surgery. Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN80682973. FINDINGS: Treatment took place between March 3, 2014, and Oct 19, 2015. 22 754 patients were assessed for elegibility. Of 15 873 eligible patients from 93 NHS hospitals, primary outcome data were analysed for 8482 patients in the usual care group and 7374 in the QI group. Eight patients in the usual care group and nine patients in the QI group were not included in the analysis because of missing primary outcome data. The primary outcome of 90-day mortality occurred in 1210 (16%) patients in the QI group compared with 1393 (16%) patients in the usual care group (HR 1·11, 0·96-1·28). INTERPRETATION: No survival benefit was observed from this QI programme to implement a care pathway for patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Future QI programmes should ensure that teams have both the time and resources needed to improve patient care. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research Programme
Registration of Javanese Root‐Knot Nematode Resistant Soybean Germplasm Line G93‐9223
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Crop Science Society of America'
- Publication date
- Field of study
6. Literaturverzeichnis
- Author
- Argote
- Cervantes
- Cervantes
- Chamard Henri
- Chaucer Geoffrey
- Colletet Guillaume
- Colonna Vittoria
- Comelli Francesca Tesei
- Cooper Helen
- Cooper Helen
- Cooper Sherod M
- Cotardire Ød
- Cousins Anthony
- Crouch Thomas D
- da Porto Luigi
- Dante Alighieri Purgatotio
- Debailly Pascal
- Delius Nicolaus
- Delumeau Jean
- Des PØriers Bonaventure
- Dickson Arthur
- Dodell Petra
- DomenØch Rico Fernando
- Du Bellay Joachim
- Du Bellay Joachim
- Du Bellay Joachim
- Du Bellay Joachim
- Dubu Jean
- Dubuis Roger
- Dubuis Roger
- Dürr Susanne
- Ehrlicher Gerhard Poppenberg
- Eitel Wolfgang
- El Saffar Ruth S
- Emme Eugene M
- Ette Ottmar
- Fechner Jörg-Ulrich
- Fechner Jörg-Ulrich
- Fischer Carolin
- Fischer Carolin
- Fischer Carolin
- Fontaine Marie-Madeleine
- Forster Leonard
- Frenzel Elisabeth
- Fuller John
- Geppert Hans Vilmar
- Gipper Andreas
- Gnüg Hiltrud
- Godenne RenØ
- Godwin Francis
- Goethe Johann
- Gooley Ruth A
- Goulemot Jean Marie
- Gray Floyd
- Graziani FranÅoise
- Greber Erika
- Gribbin
- Gómez-Montero Javier
- Hager Alan
- Hassell Woodrow James
- Hempfer Klaus W
- Hempfer Klaus W
- Hempfer Klaus W
- Hempfer Klaus W
- Henkel Albrecht Schöne
- Hoffmeister Gerhart
- Huizinga Johan
- Hussey Stanley S
- Hyland Peter
- Hühn Peter
- Il Novellino
- InØs de la Cruz Antología
- Johnson Francis R
- Jordan Leo
- Jost FranÅois
- Kasprzyk Krystyna
- Katz Richard A
- Kemp Friedhelm
- Kepler Johannes
- Kepler Johannes
- Kiermeier-Debre Fritz Franz
- Kircher Hartmut
- Klotz Volker
- Krauss Werner
- Krauss Werner
- Krüger Reinhard
- Krüger Reinhard
- Krüger Reinhard
- Kugler Martin
- Kuhnle Till R
- LabØ Louise
- LabØ Louise
- Lapp John C
- Leeker Joachim
- Legrand Marie-Dominique
- Leighton Joseph
- Lever Julius W
- Ley Klaus
- Logan George M
- Lubrich Oliver
- Lucretius Carus Titus
- Magny
- Mandrou Robert
- Marek Heidi
- Marinetti Filippo Tommaso
- MarquØs de Santillana
- Martin Daniel
- McLuhan Eric
- McLuhan Marshall
- Meller Horst
- Miranda Marta Isabel
- Montgomery Scott L
- Moore Olin H
- Morley Sylvanus
- Mönch Walter
- Navarre L'HeptamØron
- Neuschäfer Hansjörg
- Nickel Beatrice
- Nicolson Marjorie Hope
- Opitz Martin
- Oster Patricia
- Ovidius Naso Publius
- Pabst Walter
- Padoan Giorgio
- Panici William F
- Peletier du Mans Jacques
- Perocco Daria
- Petersen Jürgen H
- Petrarca Francesco
- Petrarca Francesco
- Pfister Manfred
- Pfister Manfred
- Pieper Julia
- Poe Edgar Allan
- Pozzi Mario
- PØrouse Gabriel A
- Quevedo
- Racault Jean-Michel
- Rath Wolfgang
- Raymond Marcel
- Regn Gerhard
- Renaissance
- Rieger Angelica
- Rigolot FranÅois
- Rigolot FranÅois
- Rigolot FranÅois
- Robin Diane
- Rojas Zorrilla
- Ronsard
- Rothwell Kenneth S
- Roubaud Jacques
- Rudd Gillian
- Russell Daniel
- Ruwet Nicolas
- Salernitano Masucci
- Saulnier Verdun-Louis
- Schlosser Horst Dieter
- Schmeling Monika
- Schneider Ulrike
- Schulze-Witzenrath Elisabeth
- Schulze-Witzenrath Elisabeth
- Schönberger Axel
- Sebillet Thomas
- Segler-Meßner Silke
- Shakespeare
- Shakespeare William
- Shapiro Norman R
- Sidney
- Sidney Sir Philip
- Sidney Sir Philip
- SimØon Jean-Pierre
- Souiller Didier
- Sozzi Lionello
- Spiller Michael R. G.
- Stampa Franco
- Stampa Gaspara
- Staub Hans
- Stemmler Theo
- Stempel Karlheinz Stierle
- Stierle Karlheinz
- Stierle Karlheinz
- Suerbaum Ulrich
- Swinford Dean
- Tiller Elisabeth
- Tucker George Hugo
- Tyard
- UrfØ HonorØ
- Vega
- Vega
- Vega Poesía
- Vianey Joseph
- Vignes Jean
- Wehle Winfried
- Weinrich Harald
- Weiß Wolfgang
- Wetzel Hermann H
- Wetzel Hermann H
- Wierenga Lambert
- Publication venue
- 'Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co, KG'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- A. Lina Rosengren
- Abram Burgher
- Adam B. Brosz
- Adam Rosen
- Adam Schwartz
- Adriana Sordo Duran
- Adrienna Marquez
- Adrienne E. Shapiro
- Aeiress Duhart
- Afsoon Roberts
- Albert Liu
- Alejandro Hoberman
- Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández
- Alex Greninger
- Alexander Clark
- Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros Benavides
- Alice McGarry
- Alicia Arrazcaeta
- Alisha Lutat
- Alison Bondell
- Alison Pellecchia
- Allie Oplinger
- Allison Green
- Allison O'Brien
- Alpa Patel
- Alyssa-Kay Peay
- Amanda Horn
- Amanda Lilienthal
- Amanda Occhino
- Amanda Philyaw
- Amaran Moodley
- Amber Grant
- Amber Stanford
- Amesika Nyaku
- Amie Shannon
- Amina Z. Haggag
- Amit Paliwal
- Amy Caldwell
- Amy Chamberlain
- Amy Dye
- Amy Falk
- Amy Kelley
- Amy Medina
- Amy Potts
- Amy Salzl
- Amy Sherman
- Amy Starr
- Amy Thompson
- Andrea Berry
- Andrea Clement
- Andrea Wendrow
- Andrea Zimmer
- Andres Bran
- Andres Camacho-Gonzalez
- Andrew Lauria
- Andrew McConnell
- Andrew McWilliams
- Anelgine C. Yoon
- Angela Lee
- Angela R. Branche
- Angelica Kottkamp
- Angella Webb
- Ann M. Milliken
- Ann R. Falsey
- Anna S. Lok
- Anna Wald
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Anne-Marie Rick
- Annette R. Bennett
- Annie Ciambruschini
- Annie Luetkemeyer
- Anthony Kim
- Anum Abbas
- Anyela Lara
- April Pixler
- Ariana C. Stanton
- Arthur L. Zemanek
- Asha Inniss
- Ashley Kennedy
- Ashley Perez
- Ashley Warden
- Asif Noor
- Atoya Adams
- Aurelio Cruz-Valdez
- Austin Chan
- Austin Swanson
- Ayanna Walters
- Ayoade Avworo
- Bailey Jordan
- Barbara Corral
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara Rizzardi
- Barbara S. Taylor
- Barry S. Zingman
- Barton G. Williams
- Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Becky Martinez
- Ben Ladner
- Benjamin Eckhardt
- Benjamin J. Luft
- Bernard Grunstra
- Beth Safirstein
- Bethanie Wilkinson
- Beverly E. Sha
- Beverly Ewing
- Bindu Balani
- Blanca Gomez
- Bo Shopsin
- Boerries Brandenburg
- Brandie Taylor
- Brandon J. Essink
- Brandy Ball
- Breanz Watkins
- Brenda Dorcely
- Brendan Levy
- Brett Gray
- Brett Leav
- Brian D.W. Chow
- Brit Sovic
- Brittany Feijoo
- Brittany Stewart
- Bruce C. Gebhardt
- Bruce G. Rankin
- Bruce McClenathan
- Bruno Valenti
- Bryan Gordon
- C. Mary Healy
- Caitlin J. Guiney
- Caitlin Moran
- Candace Smith
- Candice Montros
- Carina A. Rodriguez
- Carl Fichtenbaum
- Carl P. Griffin
- Carlos A. Fierro
- Carlos del Rio
- Carlos Lopez
- Carlos Malvestutto
- Carmel B. Dyer
- Carmen A. Paez
- Carmen Amador
- Carmen D. Zorrilla
- Carmen Medina
- Carol Ann Linebarger
- Carol Kauffman
- Carol L. Mitchell
- Carolene Stephenson
- Caroline Greene
- Carolyn Scatamacchia
- Carolyn Tran
- Carrie Johnston
- Carrie Sopher
- Catherine A. Bunce
- Catherine Mary Healy
- Catherine Q. Gular
- Cathy Laflan
- Cecilia McKeown-Bragas
- Celia Gonzalez
- Celia Maxwell
- Charles Harper
- Charles M. Fogarty
- Charlotte-Paige Rolle
- Charnell Cromer
- Chelsea Miles
- Chelsie Nutsch
- Chelsie Nutsch
- Chen S. Tan
- Chenchen Yu
- Cheryl Nuss
- Cheryl Young
- Chimeremma Nnadi
- Chinar Desai
- Christian Tomaszewski
- Christina A. Rostad
- Christina Bacher
- Christina Kennelly
- Christine Akamine
- Christine B. Turley
- Christine Hull
- Christine Wilson
- Christopher Carpenter
- Christopher Dedon
- Christopher Galloway
- Christopher Matich
- Christy Schmeck
- Christy Sweet
- Clarence B. Creech II
- Clarisse Baudelaire
- Claudia De La Matta Rodriguez
- Claudia Espinosa
- Claudio Nuñez Lagos
- Clint C. Guillory
- Clint Wilson
- Codi M. Anthony
- Colleen F. Kelley
- Colleen Jacobsen
- Connie Moya
- Cora Sonnier
- Corey G. Anderson
- Corey M. Chen
- Cornell Calinescu
- Corrina Pavetto
- Cortney Burch
- Cory J. Huffine
- Craig Dietz
- Cristina Cicogna
- Crystal Rowell
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- Uriel R. Felsen
- Valentine M. Ebuh
- Valeria D. Cantos
- Valerie K. Arnold
- Vanessa Abad
- Vanessa Raabe
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- Veronica Garcia-Fragoso
- Veronica Procasky
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- Vickie Leathers
- Victoria Andriulis
- Victoria Engler
- Victoria Mosteller
- Victoria R. Anderson
- Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera
- Vincent Huynh
- Vincent Mirkil
- Vivek Rajasekhar
- Viviana Gonzalez
- Vladimir Berthaud
- Walter Patton
- Wanda Ramon
- Waseem Chughtai
- Wayne L. Harper
- Wayne Woo
- Wendell Lewis
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendy A. Keitel
- Wesley Campbell
- Wesley Van Ever
- Westly Keating
- Whitney West
- Will Hernandez
- William B. Davis
- William B. Smith
- William H. Jones
- William Jennings
- William Kirby
- William P. Silver
- William R. Hartman
- William S. Davis Jr.
- William Schnitz
- William Seger
- Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León
- Winston Cavert
- Xiaomi Tong
- Yaa D. Oppong
- Yi H. Wu
- Ying Huang
- Yogesh K. Paliwal
- Youyi Fong
- Yunda Huang
- Yunda Huang
- Yvonne Davis
- Zachary Bittner
- Zainab Rizvi
- Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa
- Zudi-Mwak Takizala
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health
Recommended from our members
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- Abad Vanessa
- Abate Getahun
- Abbas Anum
- Ackerman Jamie
- Ackerman Ronald
- Ackermann Jeremy
- Adams Atoya
- Adams Mark S.
- Adams Michael R.
- Adelglass Jeffrey
- Afework Sarah
- Ahmad Nina
- Akamine Christine
- Ake Julie A.
- Al-Ibrahim Mohamed S.
- Albert Gary
- Alcaide Maria L.
- Alderson Nathan
- Aleman Lily
- Alemán José O.
- Allaw Mohammed
- Alva E. Javier Pretell
- Alvarado Hilario
- Amador Carmen
- Andersen James
- Anderson Corey G.
- Anderson Evan J.
- Anderson Victoria R.
- Andes David R.
- Andrasik Michele P.
- Andree Stephanie
- Andrews Jeb
- Andriesen Jessica G.
- Andriulis Victoria
- Ansel Jessica L.
- Anthony Codi M.
- Antwi Mohammed
- Arduino Roberto C.
- Aristy Florida
- Arnold Valerie K.
- Arrazcaeta Alicia
- Atmar Robert L.
- Avworo Ayoade
- Bacher Christina
- Baden Lindsey R.
- Badillo Diana
- Bainbridge Emma
- Baka Michele
- Baker Sherrie
- Balani Bindu
- Ball Brandy
- Bances Karla Beatriz Tafur
- Baron Mira
- Barranco-Santana Elizabeth
- Bartilucci Darlene
- Bashour Jennifer
- Batteiger Teresa A.
- Baudelaire Clarisse
- Bazan Jose A.
- Becerra Maria G.
- Becker Teresa
- Beckmann David
- Bedimo Roger J.
- Belhorn Linda R.
- Benavides Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros
- Beninati Genevieve
- Benitez Jorge A.
- Bennett Annette R.
- Bennett Elizabeth
- Beresnev Tatiana
- Berman Megan
- Bermudez Maria I.
- Bernard Marcia
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- Henderson Renea
- Henderson Sheryl L.
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- Hennekes Gayle D.
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- Hernández Alejandro Quintín Barrat
- Herrera Vida Veronica Ruiz
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- Hinojosa Zindy Yazmín Zárate
- Hirsch Ian
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- Hoberman Alejandro
- Hoft Daniel
- Hojat Leila
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- Holloway Lisa
- Holt Gregory
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- Hong Rosamond
- Hong Stephan
- Horn Amanda
- Horton Manisha
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- Hurst James W.
- Huskey Shamika
- Hussain Mary
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- Hussey Morgan
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- Hutchins Tanya
- Hutter Julia
- Huynh Vincent
- Ibarra Jessica
- Immergluck Lilly
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- Ingalsbe-Geno Sarah M.
- Inniss Asha
- Irani Farah
- Israelsen Ryan
- Iverson Leslie
- Iwuala Genevieve
- Jackson Lisa A.
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- Jacobs Michael
- Jacobsen Colleen
- Jacobson Jeffrey M.
- Jacqmein Jeffry
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- Jeanfreau Robert
- Jeanfreau Susan
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- Jenson Natasa
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- Johnson Danyel
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- Leistner Natalia
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- Lerman Mark
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- Levy Brendan
- Levy Phillip
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- Lewis Maggie
- Lewis Michael
- Lewis Wendell
- León Winniberg Stephany Alvarez
- Lichtenberger Paola
- Lilienthal Amanda
- Linder Kathleen
- Linebarger Carol Ann
- Lisec Kendra
- Little Ryan
- Liu Albert
- Lok Anna S.
- Lomasney Evelyn
- Longe James
- Lopez Carlos
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- Lucaj John
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- Luetkemeyer Annie
- Luft Benjamin J.
- Lugogo Njira Lucia
- Lupercio Rafael
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- Madan Rebecca P.
- Madrid Martha Cecilia Gómora
- Maenza Janine
- Mahgoub Siham
- Majumder Mashrur Islam
- Makhene Mamodikoe
- Malbari Hussain
- Malkin Elissa
- Malvestutto Carlos
- Manalo Millie
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- Mangu Padma N.
- Manning Mary Beth
- Manning Rickey D.
- Marafioti Horacio
- Marks Kristin
- Marovich Mary A.
- Marquez Adrienna
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- Martinez Reuben
- Martínez Karina Cano
- Mascola John
- Mason Robin
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- Mauri Monica
- Maves Ryan C.
- Maxwell Celia
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- Mayer Kenneth H.
- McArthur Monica
- McCarter Jennifer
- McCartney Michael J.
- McClelland R. Scott
- McClenathan Bruce
- McClennen Rachael
- McConnell Andrew
- McCort Margaret E.
- McElrath M. Juliana
- McGarry Alice
- McGettigan Jonlyn
- McGill Lora J.
- McGrath Eric
- McKenzie Mark M.
- McKeown-Bragas Cecilia
- McKnight Irene
- McLaughlin Morgan
- McNairy Meredith
- McQuarrie Kelly
- McWilliams Andrew
- Meck Jodi
- Mederos Surisday
- Medina Amy
- Medina Carmen
- Medina Martha Carmen
- Meier Jeffrey
- Mellman Thomas
- Mena Jessica M.
- Menasche Kathleen
- Mendez Janet
- Mendoza Erika
- Mendoza Rafael
- Merchant Rajan
- Merino Fernando L.
- Metzger David
- Meyer Jay
- Meyerowitz Eric A.
- Michael Nelson
- Mileno Maria
- Miles Chelsea
- Miles Matthew
- Miller Eric
- Miller Jacqueline
- Miller Meagan
- Miller Paulina
- Miller Vicki E.
- Milligan Jason
- Milliken Ann M.
- Mirkil Vincent
- Mirsaeidi Mehdi
- Mitchell Carol L.
- Mohan Gowdhami
- Momplaisir Florence
- Monaco Cynthia L.
- Montano-Pereira Cynthia
- Montoya Natasha
- Montros Candice
- Moodley Amaran
- Morales Fernanda
- Moran Caitlin
- Moran Maria Hernandez
- Morris Stephen
- Mosteller Victoria
- Mott Stefanie
- Moya Connie
- Moye Terri
- Mueller Kimberly
- Muenzner Jacqueline
- Muhammad Sauda
- Mullane Kathleen M.
- Muniz Gysella
- Munsiff Sonal
- Murray Deborah
- Murray Linda
- Murray Monica
- Musante David B.
- Muñoz-Gómez Sigridh
- Méndez Daniela Pineda
- Nachman Sharon
- Naguib Sherif
- Naifeh Jerome G.
- Naqvi S. Hasan
- Nash Marshall
- Nasim Julio
- Nason Martha
- Nee Paul
- Negron Rosa
- Neill Marguerite
- Nelson Joy
- Nelson Taylor
- Nemecek Tiffany
- Nesbitt Lori
- Neumeister Sonja
- Neuzil Kathleen M.
- Nevarez Hannah
- Newberg Joseph L.
- Newhouse Lauren
- Newingham Patrick
- Newton Fred E.
- Ng-Price Lucy
- Nieves Kimberly
- Nnadi Chimeremma
- Nofz Kimberly
- Nollen Nicole L.
- Noor Asif
- Novak Richard M.
- Nugent Paul J.
- Nuss Cheryl
- Nutsch Chelsie
- Nyaku Amesika
- O'Brien Allison
- O'Leary Marcia
- Ocaña Enrique
- Occhino Amanda
- Okonya Tracy
- Okulicz Jason F.
- Olanrewaju Oyebisi
- Olds Shelby
- Oliver Patrick A.
- Olivieri Odette
- Omodele Sarah
- Oplinger Allie
- Oppenheim Emily
- Oppong Yaa D.
- Orozco Karen Sofia Vega
- Ortega Jessica
- Ortegón Maricruz E.
- Oshita Masaru
- Osmundsen Erica
- Ostovar Jaleh
- Otto Janet
- Overcash Jeffrey S.
- Pacheco-Flores Janeth
- Paez Carmen A.
- Paiano Ruth
- Paliwal Amit
- Paliwal Yogesh K.
- Palmer Steven
- Pampe David
- Parameswaran Lalitha
- Parikh Purvi
- Parker Elizabeth
- Parker Susan
- Parks Kevin
- Parungao Reza
- Patel Alpa
- Patel Priti
- Patterson Jan
- Patterson Thomas
- Patton Walter
- Paul Leena
- Pavetto Corrina
- Pavie Juana R.
- Peacock James
- Pearlman Laura
- Peay Alyssa-Kay
- Pellecchia Alison
- Pena-Renteria Issac
- Peraita Noris
- Peralta Henry
- Percy Donna
- Pereira Isabel
- Perez Ashley
- Peterson James T.
- Petts Jennifer
- Petty Taryn
- Pham Mai
- Phan Sharine
- Philyaw Amanda
- Phungwayo Sikhongi
- Pi Judy
- Pickle Shelby
- Pickrell Paul
- Piedra Terry
- Pierce Kristen K.
- Pinilla Ruth S.
- Pinto Simmy
- Pitotti Rebecca
- Pitrak David
- Pixler April
- Plavin Stanford
- Poling Terry L.
- Ponce Philip
- Porterfield Laura
- Potts Amy
- Powell Richard
- Powers-Fletcher Margaret
- Price-Abbott Patty
- Procasky Veronica
- Purpura Lawrence J.
- Pérez Silvano Omar Martínez
- Quevedo Evelyn
- Quillin Kim
- Quinn Donald
- Quintero Jalima
- Raabe Vanessa
- Raja Sabina
- Rajasekhar Vivek
- Raley Danielle
- Rameaka Lisa Stevens
- Ramesh Mayur
- Ramirez Natalie
- Ramon Wanda
- Ramsey James
- Rankin Bruce G.
- Rattenbury-Shaw Heather
- Rebolledo Paulina
- Recuenco Sergio E.
- Reed Patty
- Regalado Malina
- Regalado Maria M.
- Reynolds Michele D.
- Reynolds Trina L.
- Rhee Margaret
- Richard M. Glover I I
- Richards Tamara
- Richmond Sha-Wanda
- Rick Anne-Marie
- Riddler Sharon A.
- Riesenberg Robert
- Rijos Dolores
- Rindt Joshua
- Rivera Juan J.
- Rivera Juana
- Rivera María I.
- Rivero Gina
- Rizvi Zainab
- Rizzardi Barbara
- Roadman Denise
- Robb Merlin
- Robert W. Frenck Jr
- Roberts Afsoon
- Robinson Toni
- Robison Dawn
- Robison Elizabeth E.
- Rodman Shannon
- Rodriguez Carina A.
- Rodriguez Jessica
- Rokser Rachel
- Rolle Charlotte-Paige
- Rolsma Stephanie
- Ronco Peter
- Ronk Melody
- Rosen Adam
- Rosen Jeffrey
- Rosenberg David
- Rosengren A. Lina
- Rostad Christina A.
- Rothenberg Joan
- Rouhbakhsh Rambod
- Rouphael Nadine
- Rowell Crystal
- Roychoudhury Pavitra
- Rucker Rola G.
- Ruiz Monica
- Ruiz-Palacios Guillermo Miguel
- Ruperto Karen
- Rupp Richard
- Rutstein Sarah E.
- Rybak Natasha
- Sadoff Jerald
- Saemann Michelle
- Safirstein Beth
- Saldaña Eduardo Gabriel Vázquez
- Saleem Nafisa
- Saleh Jamshid
- Sales Kacie
- Salzl Amy
- Sample Denise
- Samuels Robert
- Sanchez Erica
- Sanchez Martha
- Sanchez Rosario
- Sanchez-Crespo Nelia
- Sanders John
- Sanders Lisa J.
- Santiago Fredric
- Santiago Rica
- Santolaya María E.
- Scatamacchia Carolyn
- Schacker Timothy W.
- Schipani Linda M.
- Schmeck Christy
- Schmidt Robert
- Schnitz William
- Schroeck Debra B.
- Schwartz Adam
- Schwartz Howard
- Schwartz Howard I.
- Schwartz Jennifer
- Schwasinger-Schmidt Tiffany
- Sciaudone Michael
- Scott Hyman
- Scott Tameika
- Secord Elizabeth
- Segall Nathan
- Seger William
- Seversen Shannen
- Sha Beverly E.
- Shah Mitul
- Shairi Samira
- Shankaran Shivanjali
- Shannon Amie
- Shapiro Adrienne E.
- Sharp Stephan C.
- Shaw Marian E.
- Shelly Rozeli
- Shelton Sandra
- Sherman Amy
- Sheth Neil P.
- Shinn Steven
- Shlotzhauer Tammi L.
- Shope Timothy
- Shopsin Bo
- Shoptaw Steven
- Siddiqui Farhan
- Siegel Marc
- Sierra Dianca
- Silver William P.
- Simmons Todd
- Simon Gary
- Sims Matthew D.
- Singer Leonard
- Singletary Justin
- Skipper Stephanie
- Slechta Stacy
- Sligh Teresa S.
- Smith Candace
- Smith Derek M.
- Smith Katherine
- Smith Mary
- Smith Michael J.
- Smith William B.
- Snell Kimberly
- Sobhanie M. Mahdee
- Sobieszczyk Magdalena E.
- Sogbetun Obiageli
- Solis Joel
- Sonnier Cora
- Sopher Carrie
- Sovic Brit
- Spector Stephen A.
- Sperber Steven
- Staben Jonathan
- Stahl Jessica
- Stanford Amber
- Stangl Lisa
- Stanton Ariana C.
- Stapleton Jack
- Stapleton Katherine
- Starlin Richard
- Starr Amy
- Starr Ryan P.
- Steil Kenneth
- Stephenson Carolene
- Stephenson Kathryn E.
- Sterling Stephanie
- Stewart Brittany
- Striker Robert
- Strout Cynthia Becher
- Struyf Frank
- Studdard Suzanna
- Stulken Laura
- Stull Mildred
- Sturgeon Rodney E.
- Suen May-Yin
- Sugimoto Danny
- Suyehira Janice
- Swaminathan Shobha
- Swan Suzanne
- Swann Edith
- Swanson Austin
- Sweet Christy
- Swieboda Elisa
- Syndergaard Scott N.
- Takizala Zudi-Mwak
- Takuva Simbarashe G.
- Talaat Kawsar R.
- Tan Chen S.
- Tapia Milagritos
- Tarakjian Denis
- Tashima Karen
- Tatelbaum David
- Taylor Barbara S.
- Taylor Brandie
- Tedder-Edwards Sharita
- Teherani Meghan
- Theodore Deborah A.
- Thessing Jeffrey
- Thomas Meagan
- Thomas-Seaton LaTeshia
- Thompson Amy
- Thompson Karl M.
- Thompson-Seim Teri
- Thomsen Isaac
- Tieu Hong V.
- Toma Ramy J.
- Tomaszewski Christian
- Tomatsu Lee
- Tomlinson Ryan
- Tong Tina
- Tong Xiaomi
- Torres Juan P.
- Torres Julian A.
- Tovar Dalia
- Tran Carolyn
- Treanor John J.
- Tukuru Sade
- Turley Christine B.
- Turner Mark A.
- Tyson Stefanie
- Ulrich Robert J.
- Usdan Lisa S.
- Utz Gregory C.
- Vachris Timothy P.
- Valenti Bruno
- Valika Insiya
- Van Der Leden Mimi
- Van Dromme Ilse
- Van Ever Wesley
- Van Roey Griet
- Varughese Tilly
- Vega Jocelyn Zuleica Olmos
- Vega Norma
- Vegas Diana
- Vertucci Michele
- Viar Veronica
- Viens Nicholas A.
- Villegas Marysol
- Vingerhoets Johan
- Vogler Mary
- Vowell Mandy
- Vrbicky Keith W.
- Wahlin Tami
- Wakefield Paul H.
- Wald Anna
- Walker James
- Walker Shannon
- Walsh Edward E.
- Walsh Mary C.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walter Emmanuel B.
- Walters Ayanna
- Wang Tina
- Warden Ashley
- Waters Michael
- Watkins Breanz
- Webb Angella
- Webster Hala
- Weidler Jessica L.
- Weiss Thomas
- Wells Margaret
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendrow Andrea
- Werne Melody
- West Whitney
- Whatley Jordan L.
- Whitaker Jennifer A.
- White Jewel J.
- White Julie
- White Toni
- Wijewardane Priyantha N.
- Wilkin Timothy
- Wilkinson Bethanie
- William S. Davis Jr
- Williams Barton G.
- Williams Hayes
- Williams Samantha
- Wilson Christine
- Wilson Clint
- Wilson Greg
- Wilson Natasha
- Winbigler Jennifer
- Winkle Peter J.
- Winokur Patricia L.
- Witbeck John
- Wohl David
- Woo Wayne
- Woodside Leana
- Wortman Glenn
- Wu Yi H.
- Wylie Paul E.
- Yang Fan
- Yang Kinara S.
- Yoon Anelgine C.
- York Jill
- Young Cheryl
- Yu Chenchen
- Yusin Joseph
- Zapata Luz
- Zash Rebecca
- Zegarra Eneyda Giuvanela Llerena
- Zemanek Arthur L.
- Zenlea Kate
- Zepeda Karla
- Zervos Marcus J.
- Zhai Nan
- Zhang Kevin
- Zhou James
- Zimmer Andrea
- Zingman Barry S.
- Zorrilla Carmen D.
- Áñez Germán
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
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- Baldini Giulia
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- Régnier-Vigouroux Anne
- Sabatini David M.
- Sadoshima Junichi
- Saha Tapas
- Saitoh Tatsuya
- Sakagami Hiroshi
- Sakai Yasuyoshi
- Salekdeh Ghasem Hoseini
- Salomoni Paolo
- Salvaterra Paul M.
- Salvesen Guy
- Salvioli Rosa
- Sanchez Anthony M.J.
- Sandri Marco
- Sankar Uma
- Sansanwal Poonam
- Santambrogio Laura
- Saran Shweta
- Sarkar Sovan
- Sarwal Minnie
- Sasakawa Chihiro
- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Miklós
- Sato Ken
- Sato Miyuki
- Schapira Anthony H.V.
- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
- Schiaffino Stefano
- Schneider Claudio
- Schneider Marion E.
- Schneider-Stock Regine
- Schoenlein Patricia V.
- Schorderet Daniel F.
- Schwartz Gary K.
- Schätzl Hermann M.
- Schüller Christoph
- Scorrano Luca
- Sealy Linda
- Seglen Per O
- Segura-Aguilar Juan
- Seiliez Iban
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- Shanmugam Mala
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- Shaulian Eitan
- Shaw Reuben J.
- Shelhamer James H.
- Shen Han-Ming
- Shen Wei-Chiang
- Sheng Zu-Hang
- Shi Yang
- Shibuya Kenichi
- Shidoji Yoshihiro
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- Shimizu Shigeomi
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- Sikorska Beata
- Silva-Zacarin Elaine
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- Simon Hans-Uwe
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- Simonsen Anne
- Sinclair David A.
- Singh Rajat
- Sinha Debasish
- Sinicrope Frank A.
- Sirko Agnieszka
- Siu Parco M.
- Sivridis Efthimios
- Skop Vojtech
- Skulachev Vladimir P.
- Slack Ruth S.
- Smaili Soraya S.
- Smith Duncan R.
- Soengas Maria S.
- Soldati Thierry
- Song Xueqin
- Sood Anil K.
- Soong Tuck Wah
- Sotgia Federica
- Spector Stephen A.
- Spies Claudia D.
- Springer Wolfdieter
- Srinivasula Srinivasa M.
- Stefanis Leonidas
- Steffan Joan S.
- Stendel Ruediger
- Stenmark Harald
- Stephanou Anastasis
- Stern Stephan T.
- Sternberg Cinthya
- Stork Björn
- Strålfors Peter
- Subauste Carlos S.
- Sui Xinbing
- Sulzer David
- Sun Jiaren
- Sun Shi-Yong
- Sun Zhi-Jun
- Sung Joseph J.Y.
- Suzuki Kuninori
- Suzuki Toshihiko
- Swanson Michele S.
- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T.
- Sy Lai-King
- Szabadkai György
- Sánchez-Alcázar José A.
- Sánchez-Prieto Ricardo
- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
- Takács-Vellai Krisztina
- Talbot Nicholas J.
- Tan Kevin S.W.
- Tanaka Keiji
- Tanaka Kozo
- Tang Daolin
- Tang Dingzhong
- Tanida Isei
- Tannous Bakhos A.
- Tavernarakis Nektarios
- Taylor Graham S.
- Taylor Gregory A.
- Taylor J. Paul
- Terada Lance S.
- Terman Alexei
- Tettamanti Gianluca
- Thevissen Karin
- Thompson Craig B.
- Thorburn Andrew
- Thumm Michael
- Tian FengFeng
- Tian Yuan
- Tocchini-Valentini Glauco
- Tolkovsky Aviva M.
- Tomino Yasuhiko
- Tooze Sharon A.
- Tournier Cathy
- Tower John
- Towns Roberto
- Trajkovic Vladimir
- Travassos Leonardo H.
- Tsai Ting-Fen
- Tschan Mario P.
- Tsubata Takeshi
- Tsung Allan
- Turk Boris
- Turner Lorianne S.
- Tyagi Suresh C.
- Tönges Lars
- Uchiyama Yasuo
- Ueno Takashi
- Umekawa Midori
- Umemiya-Shirafuji Rika
- Unni Vivek K.
- Vaccaro Maria I.
- Valente Enza Maria
- Van den Berghe Greet
- van der Klei Ida J.
- van Doorn Wouter G
- van Dyk Linda F.
- van Egmond Marjolein
- van Grunsven Leo A.
- Vandenabeele Peter
- Vandenberghe Wim P.
- Vanhorebeek Ilse
- Vaquero Eva C.
- Velasco Guillermo
- Vellai Tibor
- Vicencio José Miguel
- Vierstra Richard D.
- Vila Miquel
- Vindis Cécile
- Viola Giampietro
- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V.
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong-Gang
- Wang Horng-Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
- Wang Richard C.
- Wang Xinglong
- Wang Xiujie J.
- Wang Ying-Jan
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Zhen-Bo
- Wang Zhigang Charles
- Wang Zhinong
- Wansink Derick G.
- Ward Diane M.
- Watada Hirotaka
- Waters Sarah L.
- Webster Paul
- Wei Lixin
- Weihl Conrad C.
- Weiss William A
- Welford Scott M.
- Wen Long-Ping
- Whitehouse Caroline A.
- Whitton J. Lindsay
- Whitworth Alexander J.
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W.
- Wilkinson Simon
- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L.
- Williamson Peter R.
- Wouters Bradly G.
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao-Cheng
- Wu William K.K.
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J.
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da-zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A. K. W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
- Kim Dong Hou
- Kim Eun Kyoung
- Kim Hyung Ryong
- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K
- Kim Peter K
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C
- King Jason S
- Kinsella Timothy J
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T
- Klionsky Daniel J
- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
- Ko Ben C. B
- Koch Jan C
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
- Lazo Pedro A
- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
- Ledbetter Daniel J
- Lee Alvin J. X
- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
- Li Yi Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou Feng
- Lin Fu Cheng
- Lin Jian
- Lin Jiandie D
- Lin Kui
- Lin Wan Wan
- Lin Weei Chin
- Lin Yi Ling
- Linden Rafael
- Lingor Paul
- Lippincott Schwartz Jennifer
- Lisanti Michael P
- Liton Paloma B
- Liu Bo
- Liu Chun Feng
- Liu Kaiyu
- Liu Leyuan
- Liu Qiong A
- Liu Wei
- Liu Young Chau
- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A
- Lok Chun Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
- Lotze Michael T
- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
- Lund Anders H
- Lynch Day Melinda A
- M\ufcller Sylke
- M\ufcnger Karl
- M\ufcnz Christian
- Ma Yong
- Macian Fernando
- Mackeigan Jeff P
- Macleod Kay F
- Madeo Frank
- Maiuri Luigi
- Maiuri Maria Chiara
- Malagoli Davide
- Malicdan May Christine V
- Malorni Walter
- Man Na
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- Manon St\ue9phen
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- Marcel Yves L
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- Motyl Tomasz
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- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O
- Murphy Maureen E
- Musar\uf2 Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- N\ufcrnberger Thorsten
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
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- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
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- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
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- Otsu Kinya
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- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- P\uf6ggeler Stefanie
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- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E
- Palumbo Camilla
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- Pandey Udai Bhan
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- Phang James M
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
- Pierrefite Carle Val\ue9rie
- Pierron G\ue9rard
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- Piras Antonio
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- Po\ufcs Christian
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
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- Qin Liang
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- R\ue9gnier Vigouroux Anne
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- Sass Mikl\uf3s
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- Sch\ue4tzl Hermann M
- Sch\ufcller Christoph
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- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
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- Stendel Ruediger
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- Sternberg Cinthya
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- Sun Jiaren
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- Suzuki Kuninori
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- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T
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- Szabadkai Gyorgy
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- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai Krisztina
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
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- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H.
- Fox Howard S.
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B.
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F.
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
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- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
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- Zhao Yi-Fang
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- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field