Impact of generalized dissipative coefficient on warm inflationary dynamics in the light of latest Planck data

The warm inflation scenario in view of the modified Chaplygin gas is studied. We consider the inflationary expansion is driven by a standard scalar field whose decay ratio $\Gamma$ has a generic power law dependence with the scalar field $\phi$ and the temperature of the thermal bath $T$. By assuming an exponential power law dependence in the cosmic time for the scale factor $a(t)$, corresponding to the intermediate inflation model, we solve the background and perturbative dynamics considering that our model evolves according to (i) weak dissipative regime and (ii) strong dissipative regime. Specifically, we find explicit expressions for the dissipative coefficient, scalar potential, and the relevant inflationary observables as the scalar power spectrum, scalar spectral index, and tensor-to-scalar ratio. The free parameters characterizing our model are constrained by considering the essential condition for warm inflation, the conditions for the model evolves according to weak or strong dissipative regime, and the 2015 Planck results through the $n_s-r$ plane.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in EPJC. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1704.0700

An analysis of the asymmetric impact of exchange rate changes on G.D.P. in Pakistan: application of non-linear A.R.D.L.

Exchange rate fluctuations play a vital role in influencing macro- economic variables including economic growth via the channels of net exports and investments. This study claims to be the first in assessing the asymmetric effect of exchange rate fluctuations on G.D.P. in Pakistan whose currency had the title of‘worst currency of South Asia’in 2018 after more than 20% depreciation in just three months. In this study, we employ a recently developed technique of Non-linear A.R.D.L. by Shin, Yu, and Greenwood-Nimmo (2014) to test for possible asymmetric effect of exchange rate on G.D.P. along with the proxies of fiscal and monetary policies. Both A.R.D.L. and N.A.R.D.L. are applied on annual data range from 1972 to 2014. The results of A.R.D.L. are found poor and co-integration relationship lost when the assumption of symmetry is taken into consideration. On the contrary, Non-linear A.R.D.L. technique carry more rich information related to the issue at hand and co-integration relationship is confirmed. From the results we found that week currency hurts G.D.P. growth, while strong currency adds to growth. Besides these, we confirm asymmetric impact of exchange rate on G.D.P. growth in Pakistan and find the evidence of short-run, long-run and adjustment asymmetry. To achieve the objective of sustained growth, exchange rate management should focus to restore stability and go for more strong currency in Pakistan. Future research needs to consider capital flows and exchange rate regimes in the form of‘Sudden Stop hypothesis’ when investigating the asymmetric impact of exchange rate

Image Formation Free Rotation in Triple Pole-Piece Magnetic Lenses

Present work is mainly concern with the mathematical function, considered to represent the axial magnetic flux density distributions of proposed triple pole-pieces magnetic lenses which is used as rotation free lenses. This function has, in fact, three-optimization parameters. The only important parameter is the bore radius of the lens in the proposed model. This parameter can be affect on the projector properties of the lens, when the other two optimization parameters (maximum value of flux density and lens length) are constants, where the literature survey proved that unaffected on the lens properties. Results have clearly shown that the optimization parameter for current function, have a considerable effect on the lens distortion, lens magnification, and the reconstructed pole-pieces. Furthermore, the results obviously show the excellent ability for converting the form of the chosen mathematical function in order to represent the magnetic field of triple pole-pieces lenses. Keywords: Electron Optics, Projector Lens, Distortion, Magnificatio

Effect of Passenger Car Unit on Highway Capacity under Different Traffic Spectrum

Passenger car unit (PCU) is well known in traffic engineering, where passenger cars are often used as a measure or basis for converting different categories of vehicles. This research will show the importance of PCU on the same and different vehicles changing the effect of varying traffic spectrums (low-speed vehicles and non-motorized vehicles). This research discussed ten sections of various highways in Pakistan (one section of motorway, two sections of national highways, and the remaining seven sections of two-way roads). In this research, we calculated the speed of different vehicle types, the area of different vehicle types, the width of the highway, and traffic composition on ten sections of highways. After that, we estimated the value of the passenger car unit using the speed-based method. Now we shall be drawn a comparison between the value of passenger car unit of different vehicles on the different sections of highways. The importance of passenger car unit on the same and different vehicles changes the effect of different traffic spectrums. When we compare section number 1 and the remaining all other nine sections of highways, we can easily see the impact of low-speed vehicles (non-motorized) on the value of passenger car unit. Because only section number 1 is the motorway section, and there are no low-speed vehicles (Motorbikes) present on the motorway in Pakistan. Low-speed vehicles exist in the remaining other sections. All these effects are discussed in this paper

Electromyographic Fatigue Analysis In The Three Heads Of Triceps Brachii During Isometric And Isotonic Contractions

Triceps brachii (TB), a three headed (lateral, long and medial) biarticular upper extremity skeletal muscle, is mainly responsible for elbow and shoulder extension and arm abduction. It is predominantly composed of type II muscle fibres, hence, easily susceptible to fatigue. The three heads have different anatomy, which suggest varying biomechanical functions. Previous studies investigated fatigue in TB from a single head only, which is not representative of the whole elbow extensor group. To investigate the manifestation of fatigue in the three heads, as well as whether they work in unison, 25 young and healthy male subjects performed 10 different exercises in 5 sessions. Surface electromyography (sEMG) data was recorded using a SHIMMER™ data acquisition system. Subjects performed isometric elbow extension exercise at three different intensities [30%, 45% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)], isotonic elbow extension exercise at three different intensities [30%, 45% and 60% one repetition maximum (1RM)] and isotonic elbow extension exercise at three different speeds (slow, medium and fast at 45% 1RM), until task failure. Further, to investigate the effect of cognitive stress (CS) in TB, isotonic elbow extension exercise was performed at 45% 1RM with CS until task failure. Endurance time (ET), number of repetitions (NR) and rate of fatigue (ROF) were statistically investigated for each exercise and each head. In addition, root mean square (RMS), mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MDF) under non-fatiguing (NF) and fatiguing (Fa) conditions were statistically compared. ROF was statistically insignificant among the three heads for all the isotonic exercises, while it was significantly different (P<0.05) at 30% and 45% MVC for isometric exercises. ROF was found consistent among intensities for all heads during isometric exercises, whereas it increases in tandem with exercise intensity and speed during isotonic exercises (P<0.05). For all the exercise intensities, MPF and MDF of all three heads tend to decrease with increase in the exercise intensity under NF condition but remained the same under Fa condition. ROF was found lower with CS when compared with non-cognitive stress (NCS). CS increases the ET (24.74%) and NR (27%) of the exercise. The three heads showed statistically significant (P<0.05) MPF and MDF with all the performed exercises under both conditions, whereas the RMS was significantly different only under Fa conditions for isotonic exercises. Post-hoc analysis reveals that long-medial head pair exhibit different behaviour then the lateral-long and lateral-medial head pairs. The behaviour of the spectral parameters indicate that the three heads do not work in unison under any of the conditions. Changes in the speed of triceps push-down exercise affect the lateral and long heads, but changes in the exercise intensity affected the attributes of all heads to a greater extent. In addition, the RMS was found to be better approximator of CS, whereas MPF and MDF were more resistant to the effects of CS. MPF and MDF were observed to be better predictors of peripheral muscle fatigue. These findings provide further understanding on the functioning of the TB and thus can potentially be used in clinical applications for prosthetic control or targeted sports training. Furthermore, the effects of CS on peripheral muscle fatigue can improve the understanding of the condition of an individual during training or rehabilitation

Nexus of Transformational Leadership and Employees’ Job Performance in Telecom Sector Pakistan

Transformational leadership is credited to inspire, motivate and support their employees in order to achieve organizational objectives. These leaders maintain the quality of workforce by inculcating visionary skills and abilities in their subordinates. This paper aims to examine the nexus of transformational leadership with employees’ job performance in telecom sector of Pakistan. The data is collected from the employees of PTCL (Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited) head quarter, Islamabad through questionnaire. Sampling was made using purposive sampling technique. 150 questionnaires were distributed among the employees, out of which 120 were received back recording a response rate of 80 percent. It was hypothesized that transformational leadership is positively associated with employees’ job performance. Data is analyzed using correlation and regression analysis through SPSS. Results of the study indicate that majority of the PTCL employees agree that transformational leadership style has significant positive impact on employees job performance. In the light of the findings of this research it is recommended for PTCL management to adopt transformational leadership style to tackle today’s dynamic environment

Association of hypoadiponectemia with smokeless/dipping tobacco use in young men

Background: Low levels of adiponectin, an adipocytokine with anti-diabetic, antiatherogenic and cardioprotective properties, is associated with increased risk of coronary disease in young men. Previous studies have demonstrated that smokeless tobacco is linked with a reduction of plasma adiponectin levels. However, the influence of smokeless tobacco (dipping tobacco) on plasma adiponectin levels still remains unknown. This study was conducted to assess the plasma adiponectin levels in young men who were using dipping tobacco. Methods: This was a community based study, which consisted of 186 young lean healthy males aged 20 to 35 years. Among these, 96 men were dipping tobacco users (BMI = 23.07 ± 2.68) and 90 were non-dipping tobacco users (BMI = 23.67 ± 1.46). Serum adiponectin levels were assessed by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: A statistically significant difference in the mean adiponectin level between tobacco dipper and non-dipper groups was observed (p = 0.0001). A significant difference between the two groups was also observed in baseline parameters including triglyceride and random blood sugar levels (p &lt; 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in other clinical parameters. Conclusions: Findings of this study suggest that dipping tobacco use was significantly associated with low level of adiponetin in community dwelling young males. This emphasizes the importance of developing community intervention to reduce the use of dipping tobacco, which will reduce the tobacco associated disease burden in the community and will improve public health

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPES OF REWARDS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES: EVIDENCE FROM KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWAH

The main objectives of this research study were to gauge theprevailing level of job satisfaction amongst employees. Furthermore to find an association among the levels of rewards (task significance, task involvement, task autonomy, organizational rewards, social rewards) and job satisfaction of employee’s doing jobs in private sector organizations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwah. 240 employees of five private sector universities and eight private sector banks participated in this study. A Cronbach’s Alpha, Multiple Regression and Pearson Correlation are used to test the proposed hypothesis.The findings reveal that there exists significant and positiveassociation between job satisfaction and rewards (task involvement, task autonomy and task significance). The results show that job satisfaction is insignificantly associated with organizational rewards and social rewards. The findings of this research and their implication for future research are also discussed

The Impacts of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Organizational Performance: Study of Pakistani SMEs

Entrepreneurial orientation has been the area of interest by many researchers in the field of entrepreneurship and management. However, empirical evidences reveal that most of these studies have been conducted in developed countries and have reported mixed results. Analyses on the subject in developing countries are lacking. This study investigates the role of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance. This study used survey data from a random sample of 213 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) located in Sialkot region, Province of Punjab Pakistan. The findings support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial orientation associates with firm performance. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by taking EO as five dimensional construct (innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy) rather three dimensional construct. and organizational performance comprising of non financial indicators such as customer satisfaction, employees satisfaction, service quality, innovation and growth. The study offers suggestions to policy makers and future directions