Роль международной мобильности ученых на разных этапах истории науки Украины

В статье освещается эволюция международного сотрудничества ученых Украины с зарубежными исследователями. Продемонстрировано огромное влияние стажировки отечественных ученых в крупнейших научных центрах мира, совместных исследований с зарубежными исследователями для становления науки в Украине, развития сети научных учреждений и высших учебных заведений. Охарактеризовано основные тенденции международного сотрудничества ученых Национальной академии наук и миграции научных работников в последние десятилетия.У статті висвітлюється еволюція міжнародного співробітництва вчених України з зарубіжними дослідниками. Продемонстровано величезний вплив стажування вітчизняних учених у найбільших наукових центрах світу, спільних досліджень із зарубіжними дослідниками для становлення науки в Україні, розвитку мережі наукових установ та вищих навчальних закладів. Охарактеризовано основні тенденції міжнародної співпраці вчених Національної академії наук України та міграції наукових працівників в останні десятиліття.Evolution of the international cooperation of Ukrainian scientists with foreign researchers is emphasized. The great impact from probation of national scientists at largest research centers across the globe, joint research with foreign partners on establishing the science system in Ukraine and building up the network of research institutions and higher education establishments is shown. Main tendencies in the international cooperation of scientists from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and scientists’ migration in the latest decades

Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain

In recent years, numerous foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of berry fruit contaminated by human enteric viruses have been reported. This European multinational study investigated possible contamination routes by monitoring the entire food chain for a panel of human and animal enteric viruses. A total of 785 samples were collected throughout the food production chain of four European countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland and Serbia) during two growing seasons. Samples were taken during the production phase, the processing phase, and at point-of-sale. Samples included irrigation water, animal faeces, food handlers' hand swabs, swabs from toilets on farms, from conveyor belts at processing plants, and of raspberries or strawberries at points-of-sale; all were subjected to virus analysis. The samples were analysed by real-time (reverse transcription, RT)-PCR, primarily for human adenoviruses (hAdV) to demonstrate that a route of contamination existed from infected persons to the food supply chain. The analyses also included testing for the presence of selected human (norovirus, NoV GI, NoV GII and hepatitis A virus, HAV), animal (porcine adenovirus, pAdV and bovine polyomavirus, bPyV) and zoonotic (hepatitis E virus, HEV) viruses. At berry production, hAdV was found in 9.5%, 5.8% and 9.1% of samples of irrigation water, food handlers' hands and toilets, respectively. At the processing plants, hAdV was detected in one (2.0%) swab from a food handler's hand. At point-of-sale, the prevalence of hAdV in fresh raspberries, frozen raspberries and fresh strawberries, was 0.7%, 3.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Of the human pathogenic viruses, NoV GII was detected in two (3.6%) water samples at berry production, but no HAV was detected in any of the samples. HEV-contaminated frozen raspberries were found once (2.6%). Animal faecal contamination was evidenced by positive pAdV and bPyV assay results. At berry production, one water sample contained both viruses, and at point-of-sale 5.7% and 13% of fresh and frozen berries tested positive for pAdV. At berry production hAdV was found both in irrigation water and on food handler's hands, which indicated that these may be important vehicles by which human pathogenic viruses enter the berry fruit chain. Moreover, both zoonotic and animal enteric viruses could be detected on the end products. This study gives insight into viral sources and transmission routes and emphasizes the necessity for thorough compliance with good agricultural and hygienic practice at the farms to help protect the public from viral infections. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved