Hazardous Alcohol Use and Insomnia in women and men: Insights from the population-based Tromsø Study 2015-2016.

Background and aims: Hazardous alcohol use is known to be comorbid with insomnia. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of co-occurring hazardous alcohol use and insomnia symptoms, and the odds of insomnia among women and men with a hazardous alcohol use, using logistic regression and covariate-adjusted moderation analysis. Design setting: Cross-sectional data from the seventh survey of the Norwegian population-based Tromsø Study 2015-2016 (participation 65%). Participants:The sample included 17 381 women and men 40-96 years. Measurements:Hazardous alcohol was defined by the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and insomnia by the Bergen Insomnia Scale. Covariates included socio-demographics, shift work, somatic conditions disease and mental distress (defined by Hopkins Symptom Check List). Findings: Insomnia was more prevalent among participants with hazardous alcohol use (21.2%) than without (17.9%). Hazardous alcohol users had higher odds of insomnia (odds ratio=1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.38, 2.06), but the effect was non-significant after adjustment for mental distress. In moderation analyses the higher odds of insomnia among hazardous alcohol users was present only at low and mean levels of mental distress, and not among participants reporting high levels of mental distress. Conclusion: Insomnia was more prevalent among women and men reporting hazardous alcohol use. Mental distress may play an important role in the association between hazardous alcohol use and insomnia

Blocking injunction requisites - The balancing of rights and other aspects of blocking injunctions towards intermediaries

The increased significance of intellectual property rights, rapid development of easier dissemination of protected works and the subsequent concern for protection has lead right holders to continuously seek new ways of countering online piracy. In the past decade, a new regime of targeting online intermediaries with blocking injunctions has emerged, supported by the legislative powers of the European Union. Without actually being liable for infringement, intermediaries find themselves court ordered to implement blocking injunctions purposed to discourage Internet users from accessing illegal content. This phenomenon raises a multitude of issues concerning the appropriateness of bestowing obligations upon an innocent intermediary and balancing property right interests with respect for fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and information, freedom to conduct a business and data privacy protection concerns. These issues are highlighted when trying to discern the legal requisites for issuing a blocking injunction, given how the interpretation of a common legal framework has diverged in the member states applying them. A study of the European Court of Justice’s case law paired with the doctrine surrounding the legal framework reveals a core set of requisites that must be taken into account for the court tasked with assessing a blocking order application. Of these requisites, the proportionality assessment surface as the particularly complex issue. However, its complexity serves to highlight the importance of merely taking all the listed requisites and factors into account, while the balancing act contained within this assessment remains a question of legal review in casu. Further clarity and legal foreseeability as to the particular requisites and their consideration is thus required for the sake of harmonization, but the proportionality assessment is not in such a dire need of restructuring as some may argue. The well-established nationality of especially copyright protection, where differing legal traditions affect the assessment, poses more of a hindrance to a clear and foreseeable harmonization of assessing blocking injunctions.Den ökade betydelsen av immateriella rättigheter, utvecklade möjligheter till lättare spridning av skyddat material och därigenom ett ökat skyddsbehov har föranlett rättighetsinnehavare att söka nya tillvägagångssätt för bekämpning av immaterialrättsintrång online. Under det senaste årtiondet har ett nytt vapen i form av förbudsförelägganden mot mellanhänder trätt fram. Utan något faktiskt ansvar för eget intrång åläggs mellanhänder, såsom internetleverantörer och siter, att implementera blockeringsåtgärder i syfte att motverka internetanvändares åtkomst till innehåll som gjorts tillgängligt på olagligt sätt. Detta har väckt en lång rad tolkningsfrågor kring ändamålsenligheten i att belasta oskyldiga mellanhänder med långtgående förpliktelser, och synliggjort behovet av att balansera immateriella rättigheter mot grundläggande rättigheter såsom yttrande- och informationsfrihet, näringsfrihet och skydd av personuppgifter. Frågeställningarna träder särskilt fram i ljuset av försöken att utröna de enskilda rekvisiten för utfärdande av sådana förelägganden; tolkningarna av det gemensamma regelverket har kraftigt avvikit mellan de olika medlemsstaternas domstolar. Genom studier av EU-domstolens praxis kombinerat med den doktrin som omgärdar de rättsliga ramarna åskådliggörs en kärna av rekvisit nödvändiga för den domstol som ställs inför en begäran om blockering. Av dessa rekvisit framträder proportionalitetskravet som särskilt svårbedömt. Dess komplexitet belyser dock snarare de ackumulerade rekvisitens samlade betydelse, varpå balanseringen av rättigheterna förblir en fråga in casu som ankommer på den nationella domstolen. Rekvisiten är förvisso i behov av fortsatta klargöranden och förutsebarhet, men proportionalitetsbedömningen är inte i ett sådant skriande behov av omstrukturering som vissa gör gällande. Den i hög grad nationella präglingen av immaterialrätter medlemsstater emellan utgör ett större hinder för en tydlig och förutsebar harmonisering av blockering via förbudsförelägganden

How are hydrogen bonds modified by metal binding?

We have used density functional theory calculations to investigate how the hydrogen-bond strength is modified when a ligand is bound to a metal using over 60 model systems involving six metals and eight ligands frequently encountered in metalloproteins. We study how the hydrogen-bond geometry and energy vary with the nature of metal, the oxidation state, the coordination number, the ligand involved in the hydrogen bond, other first-sphere ligands, and different hydrogen-bond probe molecules. The results show that, in general, the hydrogen-bond strength is increased for neutral ligands and decreased for negatively charged ligands. The size of the effect is mainly determined by the net charge of the metal complex, and all effects are typically decreased when the model is solvated. In water solution, the hydrogen-bond strength can increase by up to 37 kJ/mol for neutral ligands, and that of negatively charged ligands can increase (for complexes with a negative net charge) or decrease (for positively charged complexes). If the net charge of the complex does not change, there is normally little difference between different metals or different types of complexes. The only exception is observed for sulphur-containing ligands (Met and Cys) and if the ligand is redox-active (e.g. high-valence Fe-O complexes)

The Outcome of Kidney Retransplantation

The survival of 66 patients with retransplanted kidneys, from August 1963 to March 1973, was evaluated. The life expectancy after retransplantation is less than that after primary transplantation but the difference is mainly due to an increased early postoperative mortality. The prognosis after retransplantation is greatly improved if the second kidney is from a related donor. The prognosis is likewise improved if a longer period of time has elapsed between the two transplantations. Surprisingly, previous exposure to specific HL-A antigens does not worsen the prognosis for a subsequent transplanted kidney. © 1974, American Medical Association. All rights reserved

Online Gaming Performance Evaluation over Starlink Satellite Broadband

This thesis studies the performance and the Quality of Experience (QoE) of online gaming over the Starlink satellite network and compares it to terrestrial access technologies. Satellite broadband provides an opportunity to play games online from areas where traditional access networks are insufficient or not available. Modern games require certain standards of network performance, and games of different game genres have different requirements for certain metrics. Said metrics and how Starlink performs are investigated in this thesis. Our work provides results from experimental scenarios in two games from different game genres. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of online gaming through Starlink, and if the QoE meets the expectations of players

Online Gaming Performance Evaluation over Starlink Satellite Broadband

This thesis studies the performance and the Quality of Experience (QoE) of online gaming over the Starlink satellite network and compares it to terrestrial access technologies. Satellite broadband provides an opportunity to play games online from areas where traditional access networks are insufficient or not available. Modern games require certain standards of network performance, and games of different game genres have different requirements for certain metrics. Said met- rics and how Starlink performs are investigated in this thesis. Our work provides results from experimental scenarios in two games from different game genres. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of online gaming through Starlink, and if the QoE meets the expectations of players

Progress in and deterrents to orthotopic liver transplantation, with special reference to survival, resistance to hyperacute rejection, and biliary duct reconstruction.

Before I begin, I want to add my own personal reminiscence. I knew Dave Hume for almost 14 years, slightly for the first 4 and well for the last 10. I first talked to him at an elevator entrance at the Greenbrier Hotel in West Virginia, in April, 1959, and for the last time in April, 1973, in the lower lobby of the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles. In May, 1973, I was in the railroad station in Albuquerque, New Mexico, when I learned from my grief-stricken youngest son that Dave was dead. It is strange how the exact details of these and some other memories in between, of the time I spent with Dave Hume, stand out with the same clarity as what I was doing when I learned of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the assassination of John Kennedy, but very few other things. The most eloquent tribute to Dave Hume I have heard was the briefest, coming from a non-medical friend who told me sadly, “He really was a dynamite guy!

Distributed Repair of Digital Broadcasts

Digital broadcasts are a highly efficient way of transmitting data to a large number of receivers, but they are typically not designed for reliable transmission. In this thesis we attempt to design a fully peer-to-peer repair system that can operate on digital broadcasts that have no inherent support for reliability. We exchange hashed representations of the broadcasted stream between peers and use data differencing techniques along with majority voting to detect errors in the transmission with a high probability of success. We find that the theory behind the system is sound, but that transmitters in large broadcasting networks may slightly modify the transmitted data in such a way that extensive canonicalization is required for data differencing techniques to function properly. The presented system offers increased robustness compared to existing systems, but is significantly more comple