Preparation and Implementation of the State Water Plan in Kansas

12 pages (includes illustrations and maps). Contains footnotes

Agreement Between the Stages Cycling and SRM Powermeter Systems during Field-Based Off-Road Climbing.

The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between two portable cycling powermeters for use doing field based mountain biking. A single participant performed 15 timed ascents of an off-road climbs. The participants bicycle was instrumented with Stages Cycling and SRM powermeters. Mean and peak power output and cadence were recorded at 1 s intervals by both systems. Significant differences were determined using paired t-tests, whilst agreement was determined using 95% ratio limits of agreement (LoA). Significant differences were found between the two systems for mean power output (p<.001), with the Stages powermeter under reporting power by 8 % compared to the SRM. LoA for mean power output were 0.92 ×÷ 1.02 (95% LoA = 0.90 – 0.93). Peak power output was also significantly lower with the Stages powermeter (p=.02) by 5 % when compared to the SRM powermeter. LoA for peak power output were 0.94 ×÷ 1.09 (95% limits of agreement = 0.87 – 1.03). Significant differences were found for mean cadence between the two powermeters (p=.009), with LoA being 0.99 ×÷ 1.01 (95% limits of agreement = 0.99 – 1.00). This study found that though the Stages Cycling powermeter provided a reliable means of recording power output and cadence, the system significantly underestimated mean and peak power output when compared with the SRM system. This may in part be due to differences in strain gauge configuration and the subsequent algorithms used in the calculation of power output and the potential influence of bilateral imbalances within the muscles may have on these calculations

Just how many holes…?

Commentary on the following article: https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20201263

Influence of Course Type on Upper Body Muscle Activity in Elite Cross-Country and Downhill Mountain Bikers During Off Road Downhill Cycling

This study aimed to investigate upper body muscle activity using surface electromyography (sEMG) in elite cross-country (XCO) and downhill (DH) cyclists during off road descending and the influence of man-made (MM) and natural terrain (NT) descents on muscle activity. Twelve male elite mountain bikers (n=6 XCO; age 23 ± 4 yrs; stature 180.5 ± 5.6 cm; body mass 70.0 ± 6.4 kg and n=6 DH; age 20 ± 2 yrs; stature 178.8 ± 3.1 cm; body mass 75.0 ± 3.0 kg) took part in this study. sEMG were recorded from the left biceps brachii, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi and brachioradialis muscles and expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC). Both groups performed single runs on different MM and NT courses specific to their cycling modality. Significant differences in mean % MVIC were found between biceps brachii and triceps brachii (p=.016) and triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi (p=.046) during MM descents and between biceps brachii and triceps brachii (p=.008) and triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi (p=.031) during NT descents within the DH group. Significant differences in mean % MVIC were found between biceps brachii and brachioradialis (p=.022) for MM runs and between biceps brachii and brachioradialis (p=.013) for NT runs within the XCO group. Upper body muscle activity differs according to the type of downhill terrain, and appears to be specific to DH and XCO riders. Therefore, the discipline specific impact on muscle activation and the type of course terrain ridden should be considered when mountain bikers engage in upper body conditioning programmes

Permanent Draft Genome Sequences for Two Variants of Frankia sp. Strain CpI1, the First Frankia Strain Isolated from Root Nodules of Comptonia peregrina

Frankia stains CpI1-S and CpI1-P are members of Frankia lineage Ia that are able to reinfect plants of the Betulaceae and Myricaceae families. Here, we report two 7.6-Mbp draft genome sequences with 6,396 and 6,373 candidate protein-coding genes for CpI1-S and CpI1-P, respectively

Permanent draft genome sequences for two variants of Frankia sp. strain CpI1, the first Frankia strain isolated from root nodules of Comptonia peregrina

Frankia stains CpI1-S and CpI1-P are members of Frankia lineage Ia that are able to reinfect plants of the Betulaceae and Myricaceae families. Here, we report two 7.6-Mbp draft genome sequences with 6,396 and 6,373 candidate protein-coding genes for CpI1-S and CpI1-P, respectively

SPG7 targets the m-AAA protease complex to process MCU for uniporter assembly, Ca2 influx, and regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening

The mitochondrial matrix ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (m-AAA) protease spastic paraplegia 7 (SPG7) has been recently implicated as either a negative or positive regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by two research groups. To address this controversy, we investigated possible mechanisms that explain the discrepancies between these two studies. We found that loss of the SPG7 gene increased resistance to Ca2-induced mPTP opening. However, this occurs independently of cyclophilin D (cyclosporine A insensitive) rather it is through decreased mitochondrial Ca2 concentrations and subsequent adaptations mediated by impaired formation of functional mitochondrial Ca2 uniporter complexes. We found that SPG7 directs the m-AAA complex to favor association with the mitochondrial Ca2 uniporter (MCU) and MCU processing regulates higher order MCU-complex formation. The results suggest that SPG7 does not constitute a core component of the mPTP but can modulate mPTP through regulation of the basal mitochondrial Ca2 concentration

The Reliability of Electromyographic Normalization Methods for Cycling Analyses

Electromyography (EMG) is normalized in relation to a reference maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) value. Different normalization techniques are available but the most reliable method for cycling movements is unknown. This study investigated the reliability of different normalization techniques for cycling analyses. Twenty‐five male cyclists (age 24.13 ± 2.79 years, body height 176.22 ± 4.87 cm and body mass 67.23 ± 4.19 kg, BMI = 21.70 ± 2.60 kg∙m‐1) performed different normalization procedures on two occasions, within the same testing session. The rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were examined. Participants performed isometric normalizations (IMVC) using an isokinetic dynamometer. Five minutes of submaximal cycling (180 W) were also undertaken, allowing the mean (DMA) and peak (PDA) activation from each muscle to serve as reference values. Finally, a 10 s cycling sprint (MxDA) trial was undertaken and the highest activation from each muscle was used as the reference value. Differences between reference EMG amplitude, as a function of normalization technique and time, were examined using repeated measures ANOVAs. The test‐retest reliability of each technique was also examined using linear regression, intraclass correlations and Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that EMG amplitude differed significantly between normalization techniques for all muscles, with the IMVC and MxDA methods demonstrating the highest amplitudes. The highest levels of reliability were observed for the PDA technique for all muscles; therefore, our results support the utilization of this method for cycling analyses