Ist unsere Schule noch zeitgemäss und artgerecht? Ein etwas anderer Blick auf das Fundament unseres Bildungssystems – die «Volksschule»

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Influence of the Pulse Duration in the ps-Regime on the Ablation Efficiency of Metals

AbstractAblation characteristics of copper and stainless steel with laser pulses from 10 to 100 ps at 1064nm wavelength were studied. The influence of the pulse duration and the number of pulses on the threshold fluence and the penetration depth has been investigated. The results show a strong decrease of the ablation efficiency and quality with increasing pulse duration

Seclusion as a coercive measure in suicidality – daily routine or exception?

Background: Coercive measures continue to be an important topic in psychiatry. However, there is no proof of the effectiveness of the use of coercive measures, especially with suicidal people. For many years, attempts have been made to replace such measures with alternative noncoercive intervention options. This paper aims to clarify the situation of coercive measures, more precisely seclusions, in a general psychiatric hospital in Switzerland. It focuses on compulsory measures in patients with suicidal tendencies. Method: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, we used routinely collected medical data and performed qualitative analyses of medical histories to examine whether alternative measures to seclusion had been offered and/or provided to patients who had been secluded solely because of suicidality. Patients were aged 18-65 years and had received inpatient treatment at one of five adult acute care units at a general psychiatric hospital in Switzerland between September 2016 and December 2019. Results: There were 5,935 inpatient treatment cases during the study period. Suicidality was rated as "acute" or "very high" at least once during the hospitalization in 219 (3.7%) cases. Of these, 60 were excluded from further analyses as they involved seclusion, but suicidality was not the exclusive indication for this measure. Coercive seclusion was imposed exclusively due to suicidality in 53 (33.3%) of the remaining 159 cases, whereas 106 (66.7%) cases were not secluded. The rates of seclusion among suicidal patients varied considerably between the hospital wards (13.0% to 55.3%). Suicidal patients with non-Swiss residence status and/or lacking language skills were particularly prone to be secluded. Additionally, alternative interventions were offered and provided significantly more frequently in the nonsecluded patients. Conclusions: To avoid seclusion due to suicidal tendencies, it is necessary to have a general attitude of avoiding coercive measures at all costs. It is also important for qualified staff to be able to deal with challenging sociodemographic characteristics of patients such as foreign-language, which may require translators and intercultural interpreters. Keywords: Coercive measures; Seclusion; Suicidality

Processing of Dielectric Materials and Metals with ps Laserpulses

Since industrial suited ps laser systems are available, the cold ablation with ultrashort laser pulses is of huge interest when high requirements concerning accuracy, surface roughness and heat affected zone are demanded. Interesting applications lie within the fields of surface and 3-d structuring of metals, semiconductors (especially flexible solar cells) and dielectric materials with direct and induced processes. For a profitable industrial use of this technology high process efficiency is required which is confirmed by the development of the corresponding systems towards high average powers up to several 10 W. Beside the pulse duration, which is given by the laser system, the user has a wide variety of parameters, e.g. fluence, repetition rate, wavelength and marking speed, to optimize structuring processes. For a given average power there exist optimal laser parameters to achieve a maximal volume ablation rate. To take benefit of this maximum ablation rate, to simultaneously prevent harmful effects (particle shielding, surface melting) and to achieve the requirements concerning surface quality and accuracy, adapted structuring strategies have to be used. This can lead to equipment needs of the beam guiding system which are often not accomplishable and therefore to the demand for new technologies which have to be developed