Slavery in the Economy of Cherokee County, Texas 1846-1860

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive clarification as to the role of the Negro slave in the plantation economy of Cherokee County and the extent to which the slave penetrated the socio-economic life of the county. This study will endeavor to give the reader an unbias opinion as to what was the economic value of the slave in the plantation economy of the county by applying the scientific method to the following questions: 1. What were the commercial laws regulating the handling of slaves? 2. How was slavery introduced into the territory that is now Cherokee County? 3. What was the role of the slave in the original acquisition of land? 4. What was the most reliable source of liquid capital for the plantation owner in events of emergency? 5. What was the actual value of the slave in relation to age and sex? 6. What was the actual value of the slave in comparison to the value and price of land, rendering of taxes, and other property? 7. How did the slave penetrate the socio-economic life of the county? 8. Why was there a continued manifestation of interest in the maintenance of slavery despite contentions that slavery was non-profitable? The scope of this study begins in 1846, because this is the date marking the creation and organization of Cherokee County. Since the date of organization, the county has kept a concise and detailed record of all documents and records. The culminating date for this study is 1860, because this shows the date when slavery began to assume proportions which threatened the security of the southern plantation owner

An Sp1 Modulated Regulatory Region Unique to Higher Primates Regulates Human Androgen Receptor Promoter Activity in Prostate Cancer Cells

Funding: This work was supported by the Chief Scientist’s Office (CSO) of the Scottish Government (http://www.cso.scot.nhs.uk/): CWH (CZB-4-477) and IH (ETM/382).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Investigation of extended stacking fault emission from grain boundaries using a density functional theory -informed 3D phase field dislocation dynamics model

As characteristic length scales shrink (\u3c100 nm) in fcc metals, alternative deformation mechanisms not seen in bulk and course-grained material counterparts emerge. In particular in grain sizes on the order of 10s of nanometers, plasticity is mediated by the motion and interaction of partial dislocations and extended stacking faults. Typically, partial dislocations nucleate at grain boundary defects and propagate into the grain interior, leaving stacking faults behind. The extent that these faults expand before a trailing partial dislocation emits generally does not equal the equilibrium separation distance of the corresponding full dislocation. This research uses a density functional theory informed phase field dislocation dynamics model to study the effect of applied stress, 3D grain size, material stacking fault energies, and grain boundary ledge size on the stress-driven emission of leading and trailing partial dislocation from grain boundaries. Most notably, we find that there is a regime in which the stacking fault size increases with increasing grain size until saturation is reached. Furthermore, the extent that the stacking fault region can propagate into the grain has an enormous dependence on the material surface

Investigation of deformation twins using a DFT-informed 3D phase field dislocation dynamics model

Deformation twinning is a well-known deformation phenomenon in many nanoscale fcc metals. In addition, it is well established that partial dislocations are the basic defect responsible for deformation twins; however, the material parameters that control the inclination to twin and the mechanisms that control twin formation are not well understood. Using a density functional theory (DFT). phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model, we present an unconventional kinetic pathway for twin formation in nanoscale fcc metals that involves two grain boundaries and is active at room temperature and at low strain rates. This work also relates the associated kinetics of nucleation and propagation to intrinsic material defect formation energies. As mentioned, this research uses a 3D PFDD model informed by DFT to investigate the nucleation and propagation of deformation twins at grain boundaries and interfaces in various fcc metals at ambient conditions. The phase field approach is centered on energy minimization and, hence, evolution of the phase field variables and plastic deformation has a direct dependence on system energetics. This is advantageous for investigating extended dislocations and stacking faults because the PFDD model describes these defects using a parameterized surface (ag material dependent energy landscape that describes the energy maxima and minima that atoms must overcome as they shear pass one another on {111} planes) that surface as simulgis developed for specific materials using points from a ated by ab initio DFT. This incorporates a dependence on unstable SFEs in addition to the commonly used intrinsic SFE. In addition, this establishes a link between atomic-scale numerical methods and the DFT–PFDD model that enables us to follow the dynamics of several nucleating and interacting dislocations based on appropriate calculation of their stacking fault widths and accurately probe the physics that underlies plastic deformation of even the smallest volumes

Nearshore Fish Assemblage Patterns with Respect to Landscape-Scale Habitats in Central California

In most ecosystems, the distribution of species across a landscape is greatly influenced by the type, amount, and spatial configuration of habitats. Studies in terrestrial environments have shown that species diversity, density, and length frequency often positively correlate with the size of a habitat patch, patch shape, and proximity to a patch edge. These patterns, however, have not been conclusively shown in temperate sub-tidal marine studies. Data from visual strip–transects collected from the Delta submersible were used to characterize fish assemblages with respect to rocky bank habitat patches. Specifically, the density, diversity, and length frequency of nearshore fishes were examined with respect to 1) proximity to the patch edge, 2) patch shape, and 3) patch size near Point Lobos and Point Sur, California. Diversity and length distributions of fishes were significantly greater at the edge than the interior of rocky bank patches. Therefore, landscape–scale patterns with respect to the distribution of nearshore fishes exist. However, this study also demonstrated that terrestrial paradigms are not directly applicable to temperate sub–tidal marine habitats. The relationship between species richness and patch shape was opposite of patterns observed in terrestrial systems. Additionally, patch size explained more of the variability in the nearshore fish assemblages than patch shape; however, neither were good predictive indicators of the density of fishes

The relationship between core structure of dislocation and material defect energies in fcc metals

This research uses an ab initio density functional theory (DFT) informed phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model to investigate the relationship between the dislocation equilibrium core width and the material surface for nine fcc metals. Furthermore, we show that due to an anomalous feature in its -surface, platinum has a fundamentally different core structure than other fcc metals and a much wider equilibrium core width than expected. Based on ab initio valence charge density difference calculations, we attribute this anomaly to distinct differences in the directionality of charge transfer in platinum. Advantageously, the DFT–PFDD model can account for the entire surface (a material dependent energy landscape that describes the energy maxima and minima that atoms must overcome as they shear pass one another on {111} planes) developed for specific materials through direct connections to ab initio DFT. This incorporates a dependence on unstable SFEs in addition to the commonly used intrinsic SFE. In addition, this establishes a link between atomic-scale numerical methods and the DFT–PFDD model that enables us to follow the dynamics of several nucleating and interacting dislocations based on appropriate calculation of their stacking fault widths and accurately probe the physics that underlies plastic deformation of even the smallest volumes

Negative regulation of the androgen receptor gene through a primate specific androgen response element present in the 5' UTR

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Acknowledgements This work was supported by funding from the Chief Scientist Office, Government of Scotland (Grant Nos CZB/4/477 and ETM/258). DNL was supported by the Association for International Cancer Research (Grant No. 03–127)Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The proteins of normal and psoriatic human epidermis

The epidermal fibrous protein has been successfully extracted from the cornified cells of human plantar callus and stratum corneum with buffered urea solutions. The proteins of these two horny cell layers are structurally dissimilar and differ also from the fibrous proteins prekeratin, of the living cell layers. Human prekeratin is a multichain protein, and on polyacrylamide gels, three different polypeptide chains of molecular weights 70,000, 63,000 and 55,000 can be detected. All three of these chains are present in plantar callus, but there is a much higher proportion of the 70,000 molecular weight chain than in purified prekeratin. The 55,000 molecular weight chain is not present in stratum corneum. The polypeptide chains of the fibrous protein are the major constituents of both living and horny cell layers 5, but in extracts of foreskin epidermis a prominent pale-blue staining polypeptide has been detected. It has a molecular weight of 45,000 and is apparently unrelated to any previously extracted epidermal protein. The 55,000 and 63,000 molecular weight chains of the fibrous protein are prominent in psoriatic scales, but the 70,000 molecular weight chain is deficient and occasionally absent. The psoriatic fibrous protein is structurally abnormal resembling neither the protein of callus nor stratum corneum. Effective treatment of psoriasis causes changes in the fibrous protein, finally resulting in a normal structure. The uninvolved callus and stratum corneum of psoriatics have fibrous protein structures indistinguishable from those of the normal tissues. There is an overall similarity between the amino acid analyses of callus, stratum corneum, psoriatic scale and human prekeratin, apart from differences in their contents of glycine and serine. Differences in the tissue contents of these two amino acids appear to be related to changes in the intensity of the 70,000 molecular weight chain of the fibrous protein. Varying the conditions of extraction of the horny cell layers alters the amount hut not the polypeptide composition of the isolated material. In the absence of a reducing agent, a large amount of fibrous protein polypeptides are released from psoriatic scale but only a very small amount from plantar callus. These results are discussed in relation to normal keratinisation and to the defects in this process in psoriatic epidermis

Shinty, Nationalism and National Autonomy in Scotland, 1887-1928

Studies of the relationships between sport and nationalism have often overlooked how different sports may depict alternative expressions of nationalism. This paper examines how social, cultural and political ideas associated with nationalism and national autonomy in Scotland touched the sport of shinty between 1887 and 1928. During this period, the transformation of shinty from a traditional folk game to a modern sport was consolidated within Scottish Highland society. The paper probes some of the ways that shinty was contoured by, and connected to wider social, cultural and political circumstances of the period. Three strands are considered in the analysis: (i) the place of shinty as a conduit for aspirations of national autonomy, (ii) the different expressions of nationalism in Scotland that oscillated on the landscape of culture and politics and (iii) the connections between shinty and Gaelic sports in Ireland, and the relationship with expressions of nationalism. The analysis is developed using the concepts of national autonomy and civil society. These conceptual components help to probe how shinty symbolised alternative aspirations and expressions of nationalism between 1887 and 1928