Recent Cases

If the instant case, rather than Northway, is to become the accepted rule in the area of discounting, consumers and state lenders will be protected while the national bank-lenders will be burdened only slightly, if at all. National banks located in states that permit state lenders to discount loans at the maximum rate, with-out regard to the actual yield, will not be affected. National banks located in states that permit state lenders to discount only to the extent that the actual yield is within the statutory maximum will need to change their practices merely by charging the statutory rate only when it becomes due, or by charging a lower rate in advance that yields an effective rate not in excess of the maximum. Furthermore, the impact of the instant decision on national banks will be practically limited to consumer loans, because of the usual exemption of corporations from usury laws and of section 85\u27s higher alternative rate for business or agricultural loans. This limited restriction on the national banks will be justified by its beneficent effect on the borrower and on the competing state lenders, who have always been subject to the state restrictions. Linda A. Bunsey ======================= With the instant decision, federal defamation law has advanced within the space of ten years from no constitutional privilege, even for the press in defending against a public person, to the realized prospect of a constitutional privilege so sweeping that it prevents recovery of an element of damages by a public person who has been defamed by an individual. Specifically, the instant court\u27s holding completes a four-part scheme for liability and damages in defamation actions: under Supreme Court decisions, a private figure must prove negligence to receive compensatory damages and actual malice to receive punitive damages, and a public figure must prove actual malice to recover compensatory damages; under the instant decision, a public figure is almost totally precluded from recovering punitive damages. As the Sullivan Court in large measure adopted the minority position concerning fair comment and liability, so too the Maheu court in large measure adopted the minority position concerning punitive damages. Nevertheless, the instant decision was solidly based: the court fully considered the Supreme Court\u27s prior concerns with encouraging debate and discouraging self-censorship, shielding reputation and privacy, and, most importantly, scrutinizing the need for punitive damages. David M. Thompson ============================ In rejecting the State\u27s reliance upon the stated rule of the Brady trilogy and Tollett, the instant Court noted the suggestion originally made in a McMann footnote that an exception might exist if the applicable state law permitted appeal from adverse pretrial rulings despite a subsequent guilty plea. Under New York procedure, a defendant who chooses to plead guilty does not deliberately by-pass state appellate review of certain constitutional claims, and the State acquires no legitimate expectation of finality in the ensuing conviction. As to these constitutional claims, the plea does not constitute a break in the chain, but operates merely as a procedural device to secure review of the adverse pretrial ruling without the necessity of a time-consuming and expensive trial. The Court held that because the respondent\u27s guilty plea was entered in reliance upon a guarantee of the availability of further appellate review of his constitutional claims, it was essentially different from guilty pleas entered in other states that result in an absolute conviction and a waiver of all further state review. Charles K. Campbell, Jr. ======================================== In determining whether the challenged statute met the procedural requirements of the fourteenth amendment, the instant Court looked to the statutory safeguards protecting the debtor\u27s property interest in the absence of prior notice and hearing. Comparing the instant statute to the Fuentes statutes, the Court asserted that the same constitutional infirmities were present. Each statute allowed the seizure of property without prior notice and opportunity for a hearing by the issuance of a writ by a court clerk after the filing of an affidavit containing conclusory allegations. The instant Court restated its belief set forth in Sniadach and Fuentes that even a temporary deprivation of property does not put the seizure beyond scrutiny under due process requirements. The Court then asserted that the Georgia statute had none of the saving characteristics of the Louisiana sequestration statute upheld in Mitchell. According to the Court, the Mitchell statute survived challenge because of the presence of safeguards which imposed judicial control over the process of issuance of the writ; required the creditor\u27s affidavit to contain factual allegations; and provided for an immediate post-seizure hearing at which the debtor could seek dissolution of the writ. Keith B. Simmons ============================== The instant court rejected arguments based mainly on the vague wording of the statute and relied on two basic policies-(1)to compel pro rata distributions of unneeded funds that will be taxable to shareholders and (2) to avoid constructions that lead to inconsistent results in similar fact situations. Also, the court seemed to contemplate two theories of liability available to the Commissioner-first, that the corporation was availed of by permitting funds not used in the redemption to remain accumulated, and secondly, that the corporation was availed of through the redemption itself. The arguments based on the equivalency of the phrases to accumulate and to remain accumulated , the purpose of Congress to reach any corporation with an undue accumulation, and the relevance of past accumulations, plus the remand for determination of whether an unreasonable accumulation actually occurred, relate to the first theory. Other arguments used by the court relate more to the second theory-the repeated idea that preferential distribution of unneeded funds is not a congressionally approved method of abating the penalty tax with respect to those funds, the mention of corporations formed for the proscribed purpose that may be liable without regard to actual accumulation, and especially the concluding statement that the judgment concerning 1967 made liability in 1968 apparent. Thomas C. Hundle

Rosa hybrid gene GAPC is mutated in the presence of the Rose Rosette Virus

Rose Rosette Disease (RRD) harms the global rose supply by modification of the growth and development in rose cultivar. RRD spreads via a negative-sense RNA plant virus transmitted by eriophyid mites. Importantly, there is no pre-existing knowledge about the biochemistry by which this virus debilitates roses. Here we implicate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), one of the major metabolic enzymes in plants, as a possible target of the virus. Genomic DNA of the cytosolic form of the protein encoded by GAPC was extracted from both virally-infected and non-infected samples of the Rosa hybrid cultivar Rosa Tropicana. The sequence results provided several distinct differences in the GAPC gene of the non-infected rose compared to the virally-infected rose. Importantly, these modified nucleotide bases resulted in a putative protein sequence containing four unique non-conserved amino acid substitutions in the GAPDH enzyme. This study provides the first evidence of a gene impacted in virally-infected rose plants

Pilot study of fractional CO2 laser therapy for genitourinary syndrome of menopause in gynecologic cancer survivors

PurposeThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of fractional CO2 laser therapy in gynecologic cancer survivors.MethodsThis was a pilot, multi-institutional randomized sham-controlled trial of women with gynecologic cancers with dyspareunia and/or vaginal dryness. Participants were randomized to fractional CO2 laser treatment or sham laser treatment. The primary aim was to estimate the proportion of patients who had improvement in symptoms based on the Vaginal Assessment Scale (VAS). Secondary aims included changes in sexual function assessed using the Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) and urinary symptoms assessed using the the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6).ResultsEighteen women participated in the study, ten in the treatment arm and eight in the sham arm. The majority of participants had stage I (n = 11, 61.1 %) or II (n = 3, 16.7 %) endometrial cancer with adenocarcinoma histology (n = 9, 50 %). In total, 15 (83.3 %) of the participants completed all treatments and follow-up visit. There was no difference in the change in the median VAS score from baseline to follow-up. However, there was an improvement in change in the median total FSFI score with treatment compared with sham (Δ 6.5 vs -0.3, p = 0.02). The change in the median UDI-6 score was lower in the treatment arm (Δ -14.6 vs -2.1, p = 0.17), but this was not statistically significant. There were no reported serious adverse events.ConclusionsFractional CO2 laser therapy is feasible in gynecologic cancer survivors, with preliminary evidence of safety. In addition, there was preliminary evidence of improvement in sexual function compared with sham treatment. Clinicaltrial.gov Identifier: NCT03372720 (OSU-17261; NCI-2017-02051)

Utilization of theoretical and experimental approaches to sintering for tailoring the microstructure and properties of advanced ceramic materials

Táto práca sa zaoberá prispôsobením (tailoring) mikroštruktúry vybraných pokročilých keramických materiálov (oxid hlinitý, kubický a tetragonálny oxid zirkoničitý) metódou izostatického lisovania za tepla (post-HIPing) s cieľom pripraviť vzorky s teoretickou hustotou and minimálnou veľkosťou zŕn. Vzhľadom na to, že izostatické lisovanie je vo väčšine prípadov používané ako dokončovacia metóda, pred-slinovanie (príprava vzoriek v štádiu uzavretej pórovitosti) bolo tiež dopodrobna študované. Extenzívny teoretický a experimentálny výskum pred-sintrovania pokročilých keramických materiálov ukázal niekoľko výsledkov. Bolo zistené, že uzatváranie pórov je materiálová charakteristika riadená medzi-povrchovými energiami (uzatváranie pórov nastáva pri 92-96 % t.d. pre skúmané materiály), je nezávislé na technológii prípravy keramického polotovaru a je nezávislé na histórii sintrovacieho procesu. Pre analýzu mikroštruktúry skenovacím elektrónovým mikroskopom a výrazné zvýšenie efektivity mikroštruktúrnej analýzy, bola vyvinutá nízkoteplotná metóda termálneho leptania. Táto metóda umožňuje zviditeľnenie leštenej mikroštruktúry pri leptacej teplote 900 °C a výdrži 1 hodina čiastočne sintrovaných a plne hutných vzoriek bez teplotnej kontaminácie (zvýšenie hustoty a veľkosti zŕn). Pred-sintrované vzorky boli post-HIPované nadizajnovaným kombináciami teploty (1200-1400 °C), aplikovaného tlaku (50 a 200 MPa) a času výdrže (0,5 až 9 hodín) s cieľom štúdia vplyvu týchto post-HIPovacích parametrov na mikroštruktúru vzoriek. Najdôležitejší výsledok experimentov je, že aplikovaný tlak vykazuje iba minimálny vplyv na rast zŕn v priebehu post-HIPovania, pričom výrazne posilňuje zhutňovanie. Sintrovacia teplota a čas výdrže tiež vykazovali zhutňovací potenciál, avšak s negatívnym efektom na veľkosť zŕn počas post-HIPovania rešpektujúc kinetickú rovnicu rastu zŕn – exponenciálny rast pre teplotu a parabolický rast pre čas. Tieto výsledky boli použité pre optimalizáciu post-HIPovacích cyklov pre študované materiály. Výsledné vzorky boli zhutnené nad 99,7 % t.d. a s minimálnym (pod 10 %) nárastom veľkosti zŕn v porovnaní s pred-sintrovanou veľkosťou zŕn. Aplikáciou získaných znalostí bola pripravená transparentná korundová keramika dopovaná erbiom s fotoluminiscenčnými vlastnosťami. Pripravená vzorka s tvrdosťou HV 10 26,9 GPa a so skutočnou inline priepustnosťou RIT 56 % vykazuje najlepšie hodnoty tvrdosti a priepustnosti v doposiaľ publikovaných korundových keramických materiáloch dopovaných prvkami vzácnych zemín.This thesis is focused on possibility of microstructure tailoring of selected oxide advanced ceramic materials (alumina, cubic and tetragonal zirconia) by post-Hot isostatic pressing (post- HIPing) method in order to produce samples with full density and minimal grain size. Considering that the post-HIPing is in majority of cases the finishing technique, the presintering (preparation of specimens in close porosity stage) was also heavily studied. Extensive theoretic and experimental research of pre-sintering advanced oxide materials resulted in several observations. It was found out, that pore closure is material characteristic governed by interfacial energies (pore closure ranging from 92 to 96% t.d. in dependence on used material), it is independent on green body processing and it is also independent on sintering history. In order to examine the microstructure via scanning electron microscope and to increase the efficiency of the microstructure analysis, the novel low temperature thermal etching method was developed. The low temperature 900 °C for 1 hour allows to thermally reveal microstructure for both partially sintered and fully dense specimens without thermal contamination (increase in the density and grain size) of the examined samples. The pre-sintered samples were post-HIPed at designed combinations of temperature (1200- 1400 °C), applied pressure (50 and 200 MPa) and dwell time (0.5-9 hours) in order to examine influence of these post-HIPing parameters on the microstructure of the samples. The most important observation was minimal influence of the applied pressure on the grain growth during post-HIPing, while it has significant densification capability. The sintering temperature and dwell time also exhibit densification potential, however with negative effect on the grain size inhibition after post-HIPing respecting kinetic grain growth reaction – exponential effect for temperature and parabolic for dwell time. Such observations were accompanied to prepare optimized post-HIPing cycles for observed materials, resulting into the specimens with density above 99.7 % t.d. and with only minimal (below 10 %) increase in the grain size compared to pre-sintered grain size. Obtained knowledge was applied for production of transparent alumina ceramics doped by erbium with photo luminescent properties. Obtained HV 10 hardness (26.9 GPa) and real inline transmittance (RIT 56 %) are the highest values among the rare-earth doped alumina published so far.

Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance guidelines for reporting cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations

Abstract These reporting guidelines are recommended by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) to provide a framework for healthcare delivery systems to disseminate cardiac and vascular imaging findings related to the performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) examinations.</p

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