50 research outputs found

    Surface Modifications by Field Induced Diffusion

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    By applying a voltage pulse to a scanning tunneling microscope tip the surface under the tip will be modified. We have in this paper taken a closer look at the model of electric field induced surface diffusion of adatoms including the van der Waals force as a contribution in formations of a mound on a surface. The dipole moment of an adatom is the sum of the surface induced dipole moment (which is constant) and the dipole moment due to electric field polarisation which depends on the strength and polarity of the electric field. The electric field is analytically modelled by a point charge over an infinite conducting flat surface. From this we calculate the force that cause adatoms to migrate. The calculated force is small for voltage used, typical 1 pN, but due to thermal vibration adatoms are hopping on the surface and even a small net force can be significant in the drift of adatoms. In this way we obtain a novel formula for a polarity dependent threshold voltage for mound formation on the surface for positive tip. Knowing the voltage of the pulse we then can calculate the radius of the formed mound. A threshold electric field for mound formation of about 2 V/nm is calculated. In addition, we found that van der Waals force is of importance for shorter distances and its contribution to the radial force on the adatoms has to be considered for distances smaller than 1.5 nm for commonly used voltages

    Electrical Sintering of Silver Nanoparticle Ink Studied by In-Situ TEM Probing

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    Metallic nanoparticle inks are used for printed electronics, but to reach acceptable conductivity the structures need to be sintered, usually using a furnace. Recently, sintering by direct resistive heating has been demonstrated. For a microscopic understanding of this Joule heating sintering method, we studied the entire process in real time inside a transmission electron microscope equipped with a movable electrical probe. We found an onset of Joule heating induced sintering and coalescence of nanoparticles at power levels of 0.1–10 mW/m3. In addition, a carbonization of the organic shells that stabilize the nanoparticles were found, with a conductivity of 4 105 Sm−1

    In-situ TEM Probing of Nanomaterials

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    Nanomaterials because of their small size, may have special properties unlikely to be seen in ordinary types of materials. Nanomaterials like nanotubes,nanowires and nanoparticles are best studied at the nanoscale, vital but also problematic. In this thesis we use a transmission electron microscope (TEM)combined with a scanning tunneling microscope probe. This system allows TEM images to be captured and recorded into a movie together with recordedelectrical data for real time analysis. Using this method we found that the electrical conductivity of molybdenumbased nanowires Mo6S3I6 can be improved by current induced transformation. This might be a general method of improving nanowires which is of high valueif the wires are to be used in electrical circuits or ïŹeld emission devices. The bending modulus for these nanowires were also determined, by an electromechanical resonance method, to 4.9 GPa. The sintering phase of silver nanoparticles, used in electrical conductive ink for printing electrical circuits, were studied by the in-situ TEM probing method. We observed that percolation path ways are formed and that the dispersive agent of the particles can be pyrolysed into a net of carbon with characteristics similar to graphite. We also developed a method for decorating nanowires and nanotubes with gold nanoparticles. Nanowire particle composites are often used in assembling more complex devices (electronic circuits) or for linking to organic molecules (biosensor applications) and existing particle decoration methods are either difficult or with low yield. By in situ TEM probing we found that carbon nanocages can be grown onto these gold nanoparticles. The size of the gold nanoparticles is controllable an thus the size of the nanocages. These nanocages may be used in medicine- or hydrogen storage-applications.Nanomaterial har givits stort intresse under det senaste Ă„rtiondet, detta pĂ„ grund av deras unika egenskaper som gör att de i mĂ„nga hĂ€nseenden övertrĂ€ffar traditionella material. Egenskaperna beror till största del pĂ„ storlek och dĂ€rför Ă€r det nödvĂ€ndigt att studera dessa material pĂ„ nanonivĂ„, nĂ„got som Ă€r problematiskt. För sĂ„dana studier krĂ€vs ett instrument med tillrĂ€ckligt hög upplösning pĂ„ nanonivĂ„ samt ett system med en prob som möjligör selektion och karakterisering utav individuella byggstenar. I denna avhandling anvĂ€nds ett transmissionselektronmikroskop (TEM) tillsammans med ett sveptunnelmikroskop (STM) dĂ€r det senare anvĂ€nds som prob. Systemet medger studier pĂ„ nanonivĂ„ och karakterisering av enskilda byggstenar under realtids avbildning (in situ). Metoden medger en bĂ€ttre överblick och hanterbarhet vid nanomanipulering Ă€n vad till exempel atomkraftmikroskopi medger. Piezodrivna probar kan Ă€ven anvĂ€ndas i svepelektronmikroskop men dessa medger inte samma upplösning som transmissionselektronmikroskopet. NanotrĂ„dar av Mo6S3I6 Ă€r ett alternativt material till kolnanorör och övertrĂ€ffar dessa i form av löslighet i bĂ„da organiska sĂ„vĂ€l som polĂ€ra lösningsmedel. De Ă€r enkla att syntetisera men deras elektriska konduktivitet Ă€r lĂ„g. Mo6S3I6 nanotrĂ„dar studerades med in situ TEM probing. Vi fann att genom att driva en tillrĂ€ckligt hög elektrisk ström genom nanotrĂ„den sĂ„ resulterade detta i en omvandling till en solid metallisk molybden nanotrĂ„d med en konduktivitet nĂ€ra vĂ€rdet för bulkmaterialet. Resultat Ă€r intressant dĂ„ nanotrĂ„dar kan anvĂ€ndas i t.ex. fĂ€ltemission, men resultatet visar ocksĂ„ pĂ„ att det kan vara en generell metod för att förbĂ€ttra nanotrĂ„dar överlag. PĂ„ dessa nanotrĂ„dar har Ă€ven en elektromekanisk resonans studie utförts dĂ€r böjmodulen för materialet bestĂ€mdes till 4.9 GPa. Med in situ-TEM-probing metoden har Ă€ven silvernanoblĂ€ck studerats under en sintringsprocess. Studien visade att vid sintringen sĂ„ bildas perkulativa vĂ€gar genom blĂ€ckets silvernanopartiklar samt att vid hög sinteringstemperatur förkolnades det lösningsmedel som silvernanopartiklarna Ă€r lösta i. Förkolningen av lösningsmedlet resulterade i ett kolnĂ€t med liknande egenskaper som för graïŹt. FörstĂ„else utav sinteringsprocessen Ă€r nödvĂ€ndig eftersom vid tryckning av elektriskt ledande banor pĂ„ papper anvĂ€nds sintring för att höja ledningsförmĂ„gan. Genom att vĂ€xa nanopartiklar pĂ„ nanotrĂ„dar förĂ€ndras deras egenskaper och tillĂ€mpningar. Existerande metoder Ă€r endera komplicerade eller ger dĂ„ligt ut- byte. Ett enkelt recept för att vĂ€xa guldnanopartiklar pĂ„ kolnanorör och Mo6S3I6 nanotrĂ„dar har dĂ€rför tagits fram. Dessa kolnanorör och nanotrĂ„dar har sedan studerats med in-situ-TEM-probing metoden som visade att utanpĂ„ dessa guldnanopartiklar kan burar av kol skapas. Eftersom partiklarnas storlek kan kontrolleras kan Ă€ven kolnanoburarnas storlek kontrolleras. Burarna har anvĂ€ndningsomrĂ„den t.ex. inom medicin och vid lagring av vĂ€tgas.The thesis covers six scientific paper

    In-situ TEM Probing of Nanomaterials

    No full text
    Nanomaterials because of their small size, may have special properties unlikely to be seen in ordinary types of materials. Nanomaterials like nanotubes,nanowires and nanoparticles are best studied at the nanoscale, vital but also problematic. In this thesis we use a transmission electron microscope (TEM)combined with a scanning tunneling microscope probe. This system allows TEM images to be captured and recorded into a movie together with recordedelectrical data for real time analysis. Using this method we found that the electrical conductivity of molybdenumbased nanowires Mo6S3I6 can be improved by current induced transformation. This might be a general method of improving nanowires which is of high valueif the wires are to be used in electrical circuits or ïŹeld emission devices. The bending modulus for these nanowires were also determined, by an electromechanical resonance method, to 4.9 GPa. The sintering phase of silver nanoparticles, used in electrical conductive ink for printing electrical circuits, were studied by the in-situ TEM probing method. We observed that percolation path ways are formed and that the dispersive agent of the particles can be pyrolysed into a net of carbon with characteristics similar to graphite. We also developed a method for decorating nanowires and nanotubes with gold nanoparticles. Nanowire particle composites are often used in assembling more complex devices (electronic circuits) or for linking to organic molecules (biosensor applications) and existing particle decoration methods are either difficult or with low yield. By in situ TEM probing we found that carbon nanocages can be grown onto these gold nanoparticles. The size of the gold nanoparticles is controllable an thus the size of the nanocages. These nanocages may be used in medicine- or hydrogen storage-applications.Nanomaterial har givits stort intresse under det senaste Ă„rtiondet, detta pĂ„ grund av deras unika egenskaper som gör att de i mĂ„nga hĂ€nseenden övertrĂ€ffar traditionella material. Egenskaperna beror till största del pĂ„ storlek och dĂ€rför Ă€r det nödvĂ€ndigt att studera dessa material pĂ„ nanonivĂ„, nĂ„got som Ă€r problematiskt. För sĂ„dana studier krĂ€vs ett instrument med tillrĂ€ckligt hög upplösning pĂ„ nanonivĂ„ samt ett system med en prob som möjligör selektion och karakterisering utav individuella byggstenar. I denna avhandling anvĂ€nds ett transmissionselektronmikroskop (TEM) tillsammans med ett sveptunnelmikroskop (STM) dĂ€r det senare anvĂ€nds som prob. Systemet medger studier pĂ„ nanonivĂ„ och karakterisering av enskilda byggstenar under realtids avbildning (in situ). Metoden medger en bĂ€ttre överblick och hanterbarhet vid nanomanipulering Ă€n vad till exempel atomkraftmikroskopi medger. Piezodrivna probar kan Ă€ven anvĂ€ndas i svepelektronmikroskop men dessa medger inte samma upplösning som transmissionselektronmikroskopet. NanotrĂ„dar av Mo6S3I6 Ă€r ett alternativt material till kolnanorör och övertrĂ€ffar dessa i form av löslighet i bĂ„da organiska sĂ„vĂ€l som polĂ€ra lösningsmedel. De Ă€r enkla att syntetisera men deras elektriska konduktivitet Ă€r lĂ„g. Mo6S3I6 nanotrĂ„dar studerades med in situ TEM probing. Vi fann att genom att driva en tillrĂ€ckligt hög elektrisk ström genom nanotrĂ„den sĂ„ resulterade detta i en omvandling till en solid metallisk molybden nanotrĂ„d med en konduktivitet nĂ€ra vĂ€rdet för bulkmaterialet. Resultat Ă€r intressant dĂ„ nanotrĂ„dar kan anvĂ€ndas i t.ex. fĂ€ltemission, men resultatet visar ocksĂ„ pĂ„ att det kan vara en generell metod för att förbĂ€ttra nanotrĂ„dar överlag. PĂ„ dessa nanotrĂ„dar har Ă€ven en elektromekanisk resonans studie utförts dĂ€r böjmodulen för materialet bestĂ€mdes till 4.9 GPa. Med in situ-TEM-probing metoden har Ă€ven silvernanoblĂ€ck studerats under en sintringsprocess. Studien visade att vid sintringen sĂ„ bildas perkulativa vĂ€gar genom blĂ€ckets silvernanopartiklar samt att vid hög sinteringstemperatur förkolnades det lösningsmedel som silvernanopartiklarna Ă€r lösta i. Förkolningen av lösningsmedlet resulterade i ett kolnĂ€t med liknande egenskaper som för graïŹt. FörstĂ„else utav sinteringsprocessen Ă€r nödvĂ€ndig eftersom vid tryckning av elektriskt ledande banor pĂ„ papper anvĂ€nds sintring för att höja ledningsförmĂ„gan. Genom att vĂ€xa nanopartiklar pĂ„ nanotrĂ„dar förĂ€ndras deras egenskaper och tillĂ€mpningar. Existerande metoder Ă€r endera komplicerade eller ger dĂ„ligt ut- byte. Ett enkelt recept för att vĂ€xa guldnanopartiklar pĂ„ kolnanorör och Mo6S3I6 nanotrĂ„dar har dĂ€rför tagits fram. Dessa kolnanorör och nanotrĂ„dar har sedan studerats med in-situ-TEM-probing metoden som visade att utanpĂ„ dessa guldnanopartiklar kan burar av kol skapas. Eftersom partiklarnas storlek kan kontrolleras kan Ă€ven kolnanoburarnas storlek kontrolleras. Burarna har anvĂ€ndningsomrĂ„den t.ex. inom medicin och vid lagring av vĂ€tgas.The thesis covers six scientific paper

    Sintering Inhibition of Silver Nanoparticle Films via AgCl Nanocrystal Formation

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    Electrically conductive films are key components in most printed and flexible electronics applications. For the solution processing of conductive films, inks containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) remain important because of their relatively easy processing and generally low resistivity after a sintering procedure. Because the commonly used, moderate sintering temperatures of 150-300 °C are still too high for most low-cost flexible substrates, expanding the knowledge of surface-ink interactions that affect the sintering temperature is desirable. It is known that chloride ions can assist the sintering of AgNP films by displacing capping agents on the surfaces of AgNPs. However, very little is known about other possible Cl-AgNP interactions that affect the resistivity and no interaction having the opposite effect (sintering inhibition) has been identified before. Here we identify such a Cl-AgNP interaction giving sintering inhibition and find that the mechanism involves the formation of AgCl nanocrystals within the AgNP film. The AgCl formation was observed after inkjet-printing of AgNP inks with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent onto papers with quick-absorbing coatings containing 0.3 wt % KCl. Our findings show that chloride can have opposite roles during sintering, either assisting or inhibiting the sintering depending on the prevalence of AgCl formation. The prevalence of AgCl formation depends on the absorption properties and the capping agent

    Gold and Zno-Based Metal-Semiconductor Network for Highly Sensitive Room-Temperature Gas Sensing

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    Metal-semiconductor junctions and interfaces have been studied for many years due to their importance in applications such as semiconductor electronics and solar cells. However, semiconductor-metal networks are less studied because there is a lack of effective methods to fabricate such structures. Here, we report a novel Au-ZnO-based metal-semiconductor (M-S)n network in which ZnO nanowires were grown horizontally on gold particles and extended to reach the neighboring particles, forming an (M-S)n network. The (M-S)n network was further used as a gas sensor for sensing ethanol and acetone gases. The results show that the (M-S)n network is sensitive to ethanol (28.1 ppm) and acetone (22.3 ppm) gases and has the capacity to recognize the two gases based on differences in the saturation time. This study provides a method for producing a new type of metal-semiconductor network structure and demonstrates its application in gas sensing

    Mound or pit formation for different tip and surface materials and tip polarity.

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    1<p>: Element determination by scanning Auger microprobe spectra.</p>2<p>: For triangular voltage pulse. Rectangular pulse used elsewhere.</p>3<p>: Nonconducting liquid between tip and surface.</p>4<p>: Au, Ag, In, Si, Pt, W, C, SiO, MoS or BiSrCaCuO.</p>5<p>: Pit created at larger tip-surface distance, mound at smaller.</p

    Comparison of Elemental Analysis Techniques for Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration using X-rays and Electron Beams

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    With the rapid expansion of the waste incineration business both in Europe and globally, there is a growing need for the elemental analysis for fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. In this work, samples of washed and unwashed ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Sundsvall are evaluated. Qualitative analysis and semi-quantitative analysis are used to compare two elemental analysis methods, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement. Both methods are used to retrieve the difference in elemental composition between washed and unwashed fly ash. SEM-EDS accurately detects light elements from well-prepared samples in a vacuum environment, while, for online measurements, XRF is a potential method that analyses hazardous metal content in the fly ash.

    Author&apos;s personal copy Mo 6 S 3 I 6 -Au composites: Synthesis, conductance, and applications

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    a b s t r a c t A single-step, premixing method was used to directly deposit gold nanoparticles on Mo 6 S 3 I 6 (MSI) molecular wire bundles. Gold nanoparticles with different sizes and densities were coated on the MSI by changing the concentration of the gold containing salt, HAuCl 4 . TEM, SEM, and EDX characterization showed deposition of gold nanoparticles on the MSI nanowire surface. The electrical resistance of these MSIAu composites was more than 100 times lower than that for pure MSI, and was mainly dependent on the density of the deposited gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, we immobilized thiol group-labeled oligonucleotide on the composites and then hybridized with a fully matched sequence. The resistance of the MSI-Au composites increased during the thiol step, while it decreased by hybridizing, due to the conductance difference between single-and double-stranded DNA chains. These results indicate that this new kind of MSI-Au composite could be used as a platform for different applications, including biosensors

    Radial dipole force on an adatom obtained from equation (23)using nm and nm and our values of and for two different voltages 6.5 V.

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    <p>Increasing all the distances , and and the voltage by a factor of 10 yields a reduction of the force to 1/10. The radial van der Waals force calculated using equation (7) is barely visible in the figure at this “large” nm.</p
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