Development of the international capital regulation and its impact on the hungarian banking system

Jelenleg a pénzügyi rendszerek stabilitásának megteremtése és fenntartása igen nagy fejtörést okoz a döntéshozóknak nemzetközi és nemzeti szinten egyaránt. A bankok és hitelintézetek egyre fokozottabb gazdasági szerephez jutnak. ía dolgozat bemutatja a bankszabályozásban szerepet játszó nemzetközi szervezetek felépítését, működését. Kiemelten kerül bemutatásra a Bázeli Bizottság, amely ajánlásokat fogalmaz meg a hitelintézetek tőkeszabályozását illetően azok sokkhelyzetekre való felkészítésének érdekében. Bár ezek csupán ajánlások, az Európai Unió direktívák formájában implementálja és kötelező érvényűvé teszi tagállamai számárai - figyelembe véve a tagállamonkénti eltérő jogrendet és felügyeleti sajátságokat, azonban a főbb alapelvek egységesen érvényesülnek. A dolgozat bemutatja a legújabb szabályozáscsomag magyar bankrendszerben érzékelt hatásait is napjainkban.BSc/BAnemzetközi gazdálkodá

A versatile method to design stem-loop primer-based quantitative PCR assays for detecting small regulatory RNA molecules.

Short regulatory RNA-s have been identified as key regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. They have been involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes such as embryonal development, immunoregulation and cancer. One of their relevant characteristics is their high stability, which makes them excellent candidates for use as biomarkers. Their number is constantly increasing as next generation sequencing methods reveal more and more details of their synthesis. These novel findings aim for new detection methods for the individual short regulatory RNA-s in order to be able to confirm the primary data and characterize newly identified subtypes in different biological conditions. We have developed a flexible method to design RT-qPCR assays that are very sensitive and robust. The newly designed assays were tested extensively in samples from plant, mouse and even human formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Moreover, we have shown that these assays are able to quantify endogenously generated shRNA molecules. The assay design method is freely available for anyone who wishes to use a robust and flexible system for the quantitative analysis of matured regulatory RNA-s

Sequences of matured small RNA molecules investigated. All sequences are in written in 5′-3′ direction.

<p>Sequences of matured small RNA molecules investigated. All sequences are in written in 5′-3′ direction.</p

Identification of ?-lactamases in human and bovine isolates of Staphylococcus aureus strains having borderline resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins (PRPs) with proteomic methods

Methicillin and oxacillin hydrolyzing enzymes of 6 borderline methicillin-resistant and 1 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human clinical samples and 4 borderline methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis were investigated. As previous studies suggested the involvement of an additional enzyme besides the penicillinase BlaZ in the determination of borderline resistance, we analyzed the expressed extracellular and membrane-bound ß-lactamases with 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Our analysis showed that the penicillin-hydrolyzing BlaZ alone was responsible for the hydrolysis of both methicillin and oxacillin. All supernatant and membrane fractions contained the same enzyme with slight sequence variations. The size and pI of the proteins were also variable, probably due to spontaneous hydrolysis and/or post-translational modifications. Interestingly, we found also cytotoxins and other virulence factors in some nitrocefin hydrolyzing dots, suggesting that those proteins might have a role in the reduction of local antibiotic concentratio

Measurement of siRNA expression with small RNA specific UPL-based quantitative PCR assays.

<p>Sequence specificity of PRMT1 specific siRNA for exon 3 of PRMT1 (A). PRMT1 specific siRNA levels as detected by qPCR and the corresponding mPRMT1 mRNA as well as protein levels detected by qPCR and Western blot analysis (B).</p

Sensitivity and specificity of miRNA specific UPL-based quantitative PCR system.

<p>Amplification plot of mmu-mir-1 in range from 10 ng to 10^–3 ng input mouse heart total RNA (A). Sequence similarities and differences between mir-181a, b, and c (B). Amplification plot of synthetic mir-181a miRNA ranging from 10 pM to 10^–4 pM input mir-181a amplicon (C). Standard curve of synthetic mir-181a miRNA (D). Specificity and relative detection capacity of mir-181 specific UPL-based qPCR assays. Numbers represent the percentage of the signals measured on the synthetic amplicons. 100% is always the signal measured by an assay on its specific synthetic amplicon, like mir-180a assay on the mir-181a synthetic amplicon. In brackets the corresponding Cp values are shown.(E).</p

Schematic description of small RNA specific UPL-based quantitative PCR assay and our oligo design system.

<p>Two steps small RNA specific UPL-based quantitative PCR assay relies on reverse transcription using small RNA specific stem-loop RT primer and real-time quantitative PCR reaction using small RNA specific forward primer, UPL21 probe and universal reverse primer (A). Workflow of our oligo design system (B). Primers and probe for the designed hsa-mir-181a specific UPL-based quantitative PCR assay (C).</p

Quantification of miRNA expression from FFPE samples.

<p>Cancerous tissue and surrounding normal tissue obtained from microdissected human FFPE breast cancer sample [invasive duct carcinoma]. Images are showing hematoxylin-eosin stained sections with 10× and 40× original magnifications, respectively (A). Amplification plot of hsa-mir-155 in tumor tissue and normal tissue (B). Fold expression of RNU43 normalized hsa-mir-155 expression in tumor tissues relative to surrounding non-tumorous tissues from four independent breast cancer derived specimens. Error bars represent the standard deviations of the triplicate qPCR measurements (C).</p

Sequences of oligonucleotides used for qPCR measurements. UPL probe number 21 was used for the measurements.

<p>Universal reverse primer in all cases was: GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT. All sequences are in written in 5′-3′ direction.</p