Estimation of RMB Stock outside Mainland China and Empirical Research on Its Influencing Factors

After selecting new estimating caliber and data from 1978 to 2003, we estimate the domestic money demand function. And then the indirect estimation method is used to estimate the RMB stock outside mainland China from 2004 to 2013, meanwhile we make an empirical research on the influencing factors of the RMB stock outside mainland China. The outcome shows that the RMB stock outside mainland China increases from 288.3 billion yuan in 2004 to 2270.6 billion yuan in 2013 and the number increases to the maximum in 2010. The main factors influencing the RMB stock outside mainland are the fluctuation of exchange rate, the developed degree of financial market, the degree of dependence on foreign trade, per capita GDP and the inflation rate. Finally the article puts forward some conclusions and suggestions on enlarging the scale of the RMB stock outside mainland China and then internationalizing the RMB. Key words: RMB stock outside Mainland China; Money Demand Function; Influencing Factors; The Developed Degree of Financial Marke

Soil respiration rate in summer maize field under different soil tillage and straw application

Demanding for food security and current situation of global warming give a high and strict request to North China Plain in food production and inhibition of agricultural carbon emission. To explore the effective way to decrease CO2 emission and remain high grain yield, in 2012 summer maize growing season from a long term project in North China Plain, soil organic carbon, soil CO2-C evolution rate, soil temperature, grain yield, and ratio of soil respiration to grain yield in different soil tillage and straw application treatments were invested. The results showed that in 0-20 cm soil layer, the organic carbon in no tillage was significantly higher than that in conventional tillage. Both in no tillage and conventional tillage, straw application could enhance the soil organic carbon concentrations at ma¬turity. The mean soil CO2-C evolution rate in no tillage was significantly lower than that in conventional tillage; how¬ever, straw application could significantly increase soil CO2-C evolution rate, no matter in no tillage or conventional tillage. This result was mainly due to the changes in soil organic carbon, soil total porosity, and soil temperature. No tillage and straw application result in a significantly increase in grain yield and ratio of soil respiration to grain yield of summer maize. The result obtained in field crop conditions support the idea that both no tillage and straw application affect CO2 emissions in North China Plain

Study of biofilms based on filamentous bamboo for surface water bioremediation

Two kinds of fillers were chosen to explore surface water remediation with a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). By comparing SBBR with the plastic filling reactor (PFR), which was considered as the control group, the effectiveness of a filamentous bamboo reactor (FBR) for removing organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorous as well as biomass changes. Experimental results suggested that in using a FBR the average removal rates of CODMn, TN, NH₄⁺–N and NO₃—N were 65.70%, 62.18%,48.55% and 65.29% respectively when their initial concentration were 8.81—9.53 mgL⁻¹, 7.20—8.51 mgL⁻¹, 2.71—3.62 mgL⁻¹ and 4.13—5.22 mgL⁻¹. In spite of remarkable advantages over PFR in removing CODMn, TN, NH₄⁺–N and NO₃—N, FBR was not quite effective for removing TP. The uses of bamboo filaments as carriers and carbon source, their high content of hydrophilic functional groups and abundant microbial facies were major reasons why FBR could remedy waters effectively

An essential role for Stat3 in regulating IgG immune complex‐induced pulmonary inflammation

Growing evidence suggests that transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 may play an important regulatory role during inflammation. However, the function of Stat3 in acute lung injury (ALI) is largely unknown. In the current study, by using an adenoviral vector expressing a dominant‐negative Stat3 isoform (Ad‐Stat3‐EVA), we determined the role of Stat3 in IgG immune complex (IC)‐induced inflammatory responses and injury in the lung from C57BL/6J mice. We show that IgG IC‐induced DNA binding activity of Stat3 in the lung was significantly inhibited by Stat3‐EVA. We demonstrate that both lung vascular permeability (albumin leak) and lung myeloperoxidase accumulation in the Ad‐Stat‐EVA treated mice were substantially reduced when compared with values in mice receiving control virus (Ad‐GFP) during the injury. Furthermore, intratracheal administration of Ad‐Stat3‐EVA caused significant decreases in the contents of neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐6), chemokines [keratinocyte cell‐derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, and MIP‐1β], and complement component C5a in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Using Stat3‐specific small interfering RNA, we show that knocking down Stat3 expression in alveolar macrophages (MH‐S cells) significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory mediators on IgG IC stimulation. These data suggest that Stat3 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of IgG IC‐induced ALI by mediating the acute inflammatory responses in the lung and alveolar macrophages.—Tang, H., Yan, C., Cao, J., Sarma, J. V., Haura, E. B., Wu, M., Gao, H. An essential role for Stat3 in regulating IgG immune complex‐induced pulmonary inflammation. FASEB J. 25, 4292–4300 (2011). www.fasebj.orgPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154500/1/fsb2fj11187955.pd

Phylogenetic analysis of porcine parvoviruses from swine samples in China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Porcine parvovirus (PPV) usually causes reproductive failure in sows. The objective of the present study was to analyze the phylogenetic distribution and perform molecular characterization of PPVs isolated in China, as well as to identify two field strains, LZ and JY. The data used in this study contained the available sequences for NS1 and VP2 from GenBank, as well as the two aforementioned Chinese strains.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phylogenetic analysis shows that the PPV sequences are divided into four groups. The early Chinese PPV isolates are Group I viruses, and nearly all of the later Chinese PPV isolates are Group II viruses. LZ belongs to group II, whereas the JY strain is a Group III virus. This is the first report on the isolation of a Group III virus in China. The detection of selective pressures on the PPV genome shows that the NS1 and VP2 genes are under purifying selection and positive selection, respectively. Moreover, the amino acids in the VP2 capsid are highly variable because of the positive selection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study provides new molecular data on PPV strains in China, and emphasizes the importance of etiological studies of PPV in pigs.</p

Extra-Cerebellar Signs and Non-motor Features in Chinese Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3

Objectives: Our study attempted to systematically explore the prevalence of extra-cerebellar signs and non-motor symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and sleep disturbances in a cohort of Chinese patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), and further investigated the correlations between non-motor symptoms and clinical characteristics in SCA3 patients.Methods: This study included 68 molecular-proven SCA3 patients. Extra-cerebellar signs were evaluated with the Inventory of Non-Ataxia Symptoms (INAS). The INAS count indicated the number of non-ataxia signs in each patient. The severity of ataxia, fatigue, EDS, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) (24 items), respectively.Results: Extra-cerebellar signs were detected in 91.2% of all SCA3 patients and the mean total INAS count was 2.72 ± 1.88. Rigidity was the most frequent extra-cerebellar sign (47.1%, N = 32). Sensory symptoms (2.9%, N = 2) and chorea (5.9%, N = 4) were rare, and myoclonus (0%) was not found in this cohort. High frequencies of sleep disturbances (64.7%), fatigue (52.9%), depression (48.5%), and anxiety (42.6%) were detected in SCA3 patients. The Spearman correlation indicated that the HAMD score was associated with the CAG repeat length and HAMA score, while the PSQI score was correlated with the SARA and FSS score. In addition, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the CAG repeat length, age of onset, sleep disturbances and depression were significant predictors of fatigue in SCA3 patients.Conclusions: Our study indicates that the vast majority of SCA3 patients display extra-cerebellar signs. Except for EDS, anxiety, depression, fatigue and impaired sleep quality are present in SCA3 patients. The CAG repeat length, age of onset, sleep disturbances and depression are predictors of fatigue in SCA3 patients

Polymorphic genetic characterization of the ORF7 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) exhibits extensive genetic variation. The outbreak of a highly pathogenic PRRS in 2006 led us to investigate the extent of PRRSV genetic diversity in China. To this end, we analyzed the Nsp2 and ORF7 gene sequences of 98 Chinese PRRSV isolates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Preliminary analysis indicated that highly pathogenic PRRSV strains with a 30-amino acid deletion in the Nsp2 protein are the dominant viruses circulating in China. Further analysis based on ORF7 sequences revealed that all Chinese isolates were divided into 5 subgroups, and that the highly pathogenic PRRSVs were distantly related to the MLV or CH-1R vaccine, raising doubts about the efficacy of these vaccines. The ORF7 sequence data also showed no apparent associations between geographic or temporal origin and heterogeneity of PRRSV in China.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings enhance our knowledge of the genetic characteristics of Chinese PRRSV isolates, and may facilitate the development of effective strategies for monitoring and controlling PRRSV in China.</p