3,335 research outputs found
Biased random walks on complex networks: the role of local navigation rules
We study the biased random walk process in random uncorrelated networks with
arbitrary degree distributions. In our model, the bias is defined by the
preferential transition probability, which, in recent years, has been commonly
used to study efficiency of different routing protocols in communication
networks. We derive exact expressions for the stationary occupation
probability, and for the mean transit time between two nodes. The effect of the
cyclic search on transit times is also explored. Results presented in this
paper give the basis for theoretical treatment of the transport-related
problems on complex networks, including quantitative estimation of the critical
value of the packet generation rate.Comment: 5 pages (Phys. Rev style), 3 Figure
Memory-induced anomalous dynamics: emergence of diffusion, subdiffusion, and superdiffusion from a single random walk model
We present a random walk model that exhibits asymptotic subdiffusive,
diffusive, and superdiffusive behavior in different parameter regimes. This
appears to be the first instance of a single random walk model leading to all
three forms of behavior by simply changing parameter values. Furthermore, the
model offers the great advantage of analytic tractability. Our model is
non-Markovian in that the next jump of the walker is (probabilistically)
determined by the history of past jumps. It also has elements of intermittency
in that one possibility at each step is that the walker does not move at all.
This rich encompassing scenario arising from a single model provides useful
insights into the source of different types of asymptotic behavior
Fractional time random walk subdiffusion and anomalous transport with finite mean residence times: faster, not slower
Continuous time random walk (CTRW) subdiffusion along with the associated
fractional Fokker-Planck equation (FFPE) is traditionally based on the premise
of random clock with divergent mean period. This work considers an alternative
CTRW and FFPE description which is featured by finite mean residence times
(MRTs) in any spatial domain of finite size. Transient subdiffusive transport
can occur on a very large time scale which can greatly exceed mean
residence time in any trap, , and even not being related to
it. Asymptotically, on a macroscale transport becomes normal for .
However, mesoscopic transport is anomalous. Differently from viscoelastic
subdiffusion no long-range anti-correlations among position increments are
required. Moreover, our study makes it obvious that the transient subdiffusion
and transport are faster than one expects from their normal asymptotic limit on
a macroscale. This observation has profound implications for anomalous
mesoscopic transport processes in biological cells because of macroscopic
viscosity of cytoplasm is finite
A Novel, Contactless, Portable “Spot-Check” Device Accurately Measures Respiratory Rate
Respiratory rate (RR) is an important vital sign used in the assessment of acutely ill patients. It is also used as to predict serious deterioration in a patient's clinical condition. Convenient electronic devices exist for measurement of pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and temperature. Although devices which measure RR exist, none has entered everyday clinical practice.
We developed a contactless portable respiratory rate monitor (CPRM) and evaluated the agreement in respiratory rate measurements between existing methods and our new device. The CPRM uses thermal anemometry to measure breath signals during inspiration and expiration.
RR data were collected from 52 healthy adult volunteers using respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) bands (established contact method), visual counting of chest movements (established non-contact method) and the CPRM (new method), simultaneously. Two differently shaped funnel attachments were evaluated for each volunteer.
Data showed good agreement between measurements from the CPRM and the gold standard RIP, with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.836, mean difference 0.46 and 95% limits of agreement of -5.90 to 6.83. When separate air inlet funnels of the CPRM were analysed, stronger agreement was seen with an elliptical air inlet; ICC 0.908, mean difference 0.37 with 95% limits of agreement -4.35 to 5.08.
A contactless device for accurately and quickly measuring respiratory rate will be an important triage tool in the clinical assessment of patients. More testing is needed to explore the reasons for outlying measurements and to evaluate in the clinical setting
Ring structures and mean first passage time in networks
In this paper we address the problem of the calculation of the mean first
passage time (MFPT) on generic graphs. We focus in particular on the mean first
passage time on a node 's' for a random walker starting from a generic,
unknown, node 'x'. We introduce an approximate scheme of calculation which maps
the original process in a Markov process in the space of the so-called rings,
described by a transition matrix of size O(ln N / ln X ln N / ln), where
N is the size of the graph and the average degree in the graph. In this way
one has a drastic reduction of degrees of freedom with respect to the size N of
the transition matrix of the original process, corresponding to an
extremely-low computational cost. We first apply the method to the Erdos-Renyi
random graph for which the method allows for almost perfect agreement with
numerical simulations. Then we extend the approach to the Barabasi-Albert
graph, as an example of scale-free graph, for which one obtains excellent
results. Finally we test the method with two real world graphs, Internet and a
network of the brain, for which we obtain accurate results.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
The target problem with evanescent subdiffusive traps
We calculate the survival probability of a stationary target in one dimension
surrounded by diffusive or subdiffusive traps of time-dependent density. The
survival probability of a target in the presence of traps of constant density
is known to go to zero as a stretched exponential whose specific power is
determined by the exponent that characterizes the motion of the traps. A
density of traps that grows in time always leads to an asymptotically vanishing
survival probability. Trap evanescence leads to a survival probability of the
target that may be go to zero or to a finite value indicating a probability of
eternal survival, depending on the way in which the traps disappear with time
Does a neutral thermal sensation determine thermal comfort?
The neutral thermal sensation (neither cold, nor hot) is widely used through the application of the ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale to assess thermal comfort. This study investigated the application of the neutral thermal sensation and it questions the reliability of any study that solely relies on neutral thermal sensation. Although thermal-neutrality has already been questioned, still most thermal comfort studies only use this measure to assess thermal comfort of the occupants. In this study, the connection of the occupant’s thermal comfort with thermal-neutrality was investigated in two separate contexts of Norwegian and British offices. Overall, the thermal environment of four office buildings was evaluated and 313 responses (three times a day) to thermal sensation, thermal preference, comfort, and satisfaction were recorded. The results suggested that 36% of the occupants did not want to feel neutral and they considered thermal sensations other than neutral as their comfort condition. Also, in order to feel comfortable, respondents reported wanting to feel different thermal sensations at different times of the day suggesting that occupant desire for thermal comfort conditions may not be as steady as anticipated. This study recommends that other measures are required to assess human thermal comfort, such as thermal preference
First Passage Properties of the Erdos-Renyi Random Graph
We study the mean time for a random walk to traverse between two arbitrary
sites of the Erdos-Renyi random graph. We develop an effective medium
approximation that predicts that the mean first-passage time between pairs of
nodes, as well as all moments of this first-passage time, are insensitive to
the fraction p of occupied links. This prediction qualitatively agrees with
numerical simulations away from the percolation threshold. Near the percolation
threshold, the statistically meaningful quantity is the mean transit rate,
namely, the inverse of the first-passage time. This rate varies
non-monotonically with p near the percolation transition. Much of this behavior
can be understood by simple heuristic arguments.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, 2-column revtex4 forma
Reduced basis isogeometric mortar approximations for eigenvalue problems in vibroacoustics
We simulate the vibration of a violin bridge in a multi-query context using
reduced basis techniques. The mathematical model is based on an eigenvalue
problem for the orthotropic linear elasticity equation. In addition to the nine
material parameters, a geometrical thickness parameter is considered. This
parameter enters as a 10th material parameter into the system by a mapping onto
a parameter independent reference domain. The detailed simulation is carried
out by isogeometric mortar methods. Weakly coupled patch-wise tensorial
structured isogeometric elements are of special interest for complex geometries
with piecewise smooth but curvilinear boundaries. To obtain locality in the
detailed system, we use the saddle point approach and do not apply static
condensation techniques. However within the reduced basis context, it is
natural to eliminate the Lagrange multiplier and formulate a reduced eigenvalue
problem for a symmetric positive definite matrix. The selection of the
snapshots is controlled by a multi-query greedy strategy taking into account an
error indicator allowing for multiple eigenvalues
From Ideas to Practice, Pilots to Strategy: Practical Solutions and Actionable Insights on How to Do Impact Investing
This report is the second publication in the World Economic Forum's Mainstreaming Impact Investing Initiative. The report takes a deeper look at why and how asset owners began to include impact investing in their portfolios and continue to do so today, and how they overcame operational and cultural constraints affecting capital flow. Given that impact investing expertise is spread among dozens if not hundreds of practitioners and academics, the report is a curation of some -- but certainly not all -- of those leading voices. The 15 articles are meant to provide investors, intermediaries and policy-makers with actionable insights on how to incorporate impact investing into their work.The report's goals are to show how mainstream investors and intermediaries have overcome the challenges in the impact investment sector, and to democratize the insights and expertise for anyone and everyone interested in the field. Divided into four main sections, the report contains lessons learned from practitioner's experience, and showcases best practices, organizational structures and innovative instruments that asset owners, asset managers, financial institutions and impact investors have successfully implemented
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