Investigations of the internal geomagnetic field by means of a global model of the Earth's crust

A global model of the Earth's crust has been constructed of two-layer blocks of 2° x 2° dimension, with thickness and susceptibility selected from a ten-step classification of the various crustal types. Considering induced magnetization only, the magnetic effect of each block has been approximated by a single dipole in the middle of the block, directed parallel to the field for a given main field model (32,400 dipoles altogether). The magnetic field of this global model of the crust has been calculated for an altitude of 450 km, appropriate for a comparison with anomaly fields from satellite surveys. From field values at 1° x 1° grid points, model anomaly charts for the X, Y, Z-components and for the total intensity can be plotted. The underlying crustal parameters have been prepared for modification towards adjusting the model field to the final Magsat anomaly field. The aim is to construct a truly realistic model of the whole Earth's crust. Based on a global distribution of the Z-component of the model field a spherical harmonic analysis has been made by a direct integral method, up to degree and order 35. The energy density spectrum of the magnetic field, apart from the lowest degree terms, resembles a "white" spectrum in which the level nearly meets that obtained for the crustal part of an actual field model (from n = 15 to 29), except for a factor of less than 3. A supplemental evaluation of the core part of the observed spectrum indicates a source depth of some 100 km below the surface of the Earth's core, supported by a similar result for the secular variation of the core field.           ARK: https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/y060920 Permalink: https://geophysicsjournal.com/article/166 &nbsp

Knowledge in process? Exploring barriers between epidemiological research and local health policy development

The Redes de Trueque (RT) thrived during the economic crisis of 2001 – 2002 in Argentina and still stand out as one of the largest Complementary Currency System in the world. These local exchange networks reach a large scale during times of severe economic distress, but as large non-state initiatives, they pose a governance problem. Four types of governance systems were structured within the Argentine RT, of varying degrees of sustainability: a) loosely regulated market systems, b) hierarchies, c) associational regional networks, and d) local communities. Based on a four dimensional analytical framework, this paper discusses the rules of governance and sustainability of the governance systems in the RT. It found that some became more sustainable than others in terms of achieving combinations of scale and organisational modes

Prikkelverwerking bij mensen met een Autismespectrumstoornis en een Verstandelijke beperking: een complexe hulpvraag!

Development Psychopathology in context: clinical setting

Consumer (co-)ownership of renewable energy sources in the Netherlands

n 2017 over 500 projects were counted in the Netherlands, aiming at creating a joint ownership structure for local renewable energy utilities; the number of energy cooperatives has substantially increased. There is not only potential for consumer activism and (co-)ownership, there is also societal momentum. Although these developments have not escaped political attention and distributed energy was emphasized in the Energy Agreement, a wide legal operationalization has not yet taken place. There is, however, one exception: the Decree of 2014 concerning “Experimental de-central sustainable energy production” which defined experimental energy projects, aimed at the production and self-supply of energy for a period of 10 years. With respect to onshore wind energy, a soft-legal instrument outlines that onshore wind farms should be open to financial and non-financial participation of residents. Furthermore, consumer (co-)ownership received explicit recognition of its crucial role in the 2018 recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) as part of the Clean Energy Package. Most collective RE projects are cooperatives; others opt for a foundation or a limited liability company. Many of the cooperatives that have emerged in the Netherlands aim at the collective purchasing of solar panels, with 14 MWp installed capacity of solar panels realized in 2016. It is estimated that 3 per cent of wind turbines on land were cooperatively owned in 2016. The role of municipalities in RE generation and supply is one of facilitation and collaboration. Many collective RE projects are sited on communal property such as schools or libraries. Local authorities also provide advice and support in the planning phase of collective projects