Apprentissage coopératif et complémentarité des mécanismes de coordination : une étude empirique

L'objet de cet article est de comprendre l'apprentissage de la coopération et ses mécanismes de coordination avant d'envisager l'apprentissage par la coopération. A partir d'une étude empirique basée sur une double enquête statistique et qualitative dans des firmes de moins de 500 salariés et menée dans quatre secteurs d'activité très distincts, nous soulignons comment les firmes mobilisent tout un dispositif organisationnel pour coopérer. L'étude a identifié, de façon très pragmatique, les mécanismes de coordination supportant les activités coopératives des PME. Le passage progressif de la coordination par la prescription à la coordination dans l'action est nuancé, pour souligner la multiplicité et la complémentarité des modes de coordination. La confiance et le contrat sont ainsi utilisés de façon conjointe. Les règles organisationnelles et les routines organisationnelles jouent, par ailleurs, un rôle important pour faire évoluer la coordination et diminuer l'incertitude relationnelle et cognitive. Les résultats obtenus questionnent enfin l'intentionnalité partenariale pour permettre à la coopération de se transformer en un levier de potentielle diversification des activités initiales.

VEB-1 in Achromobacter xylosoxidans from Cystic Fibrosis Patient, France

Multidrug-resistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans was recovered from the sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis. The VEB-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase was detected on a class 1 integron. This first report of a VEB-1–producing isolate in this population requires further investigation to determine its distribution

An Improved Method to Extract DNA from 1 ml of Uncultured Amniotic Fluid from Patients at Less than 16 Weeks’ Gestation

<div><p>The aim of this study was to develop an improved technique for DNA extraction from 1 ml of uncultured AF from patients with a gestational age less than 16 weeks and to allow the use of array-CGH without DNA amplification. The DNA extraction protocol was tested in a series of 90 samples including 41 of uncultured AF at less than 16 weeks of gestation. Statistical analyses were performed using linear regression. To evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of array-CGH on 1 ml of uncultured AF, five samples with an abnormal karyotype (three with aneuploidy, two with structural abnormalities) and five with a normal karyotype were studied. This protocol was reproducible and we were able to show a great improvement with higher yield of DNA obtained from all patients, including those with a gestational age less than 16 weeks (p = 0.003). All chromosomal abnormalities were detected and characterized by array-CGH and normal samples showed normal profiles. This new DNA extraction protocol associated with array-CGH analysis could be used in prenatal testing even when gestational age is less than 16 weeks, especially in cases with abnormal ultrasound findings.</p> </div

Genome views of five number and structural abnormalities characterized by array-CGH, extracted from 1 ml of uncultured amniotic fluid from patients at less than 16 weeks of gestation.

<p>(cases 1 to 5).</p

Comparison of DNA yield and gestational age with Bi et al. [2008] study.

<p>Comparison of DNA yield and gestational age with Bi et al. [2008] study.</p

Summary of DNA yield, purity (260/280 and 260/230 reading) extract by this optimized protocol of the 90 uncultured amniotic fluid.

<p>Summary of DNA yield, purity (260/280 and 260/230 reading) extract by this optimized protocol of the 90 uncultured amniotic fluid.</p

Results of multiple linear regression analysis performed to assess the independent relationship between DNA level, the study (ours vs. Bi et al. 2008) and gestational age.

<p>The multiple linear regression analysis model adjusted for gestational age (R² = 0.42).</p

Summary of karyotype, array-CGH results, indication and DNA isolated from 1 ml of uncultured amniotic fluid at less than 16 weeks’ gestation.

<p>AMA, Advanced maternal age; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; AF, amniotic fluid; R, risk evaluation after triple test screening’.</p

Prospective study of amniotic fluid (AF) by array-CGH.

<p>AMA, advanced maternal age; AU,abnormal ultrasound.</p