Technology use and profitability analysis of the production system of tejocote (Crataegus spp.) in Sierra Nevada, Puebla

ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of this research was to analyze use of agricultural technology and profitability of the tejocote production system and its explanatory factors, in order to identify actions to increase the fruit growers income. Methodology. Two patterns were used (producers that carry out good phytosanitary practices and producers that export). A stratified sample of 90 fruit growers was obtained with 95% reliability and 10% precision. Subsequently, a survey was carried out, and with the data the profitability of tejocote production was calculated. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability were identified using a multiple regression model. Results. Profitability, measured with the Benefit-Cost indicator, ranged from 0.13 to 2.38, and an average of 0.84. In the scenario of not accounting for family labor and depreciation of infrastructure, a Benefit-Cost Ratio is achieved from 0.35 to 6.37, with an average of 1.90. The use of technology, measured by the technological index (IT) in the cultivation of tejocote, it was significant to improve profitability. The average profitability of the high IT stratum is different from the average profitability of the medium and low IT strata. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability that shows significant (p≤0.05) were the technological index, phytosanitary control, training, schooling and size of the plantation. Limitations. Most producers do not keep a record of production activities and costs. Likewise, in the analysis of economic profitability it is difficult to assess indirect benefits, intangible benefits and externalities. Conclusions. It was found that the tejocote activity is profitable for producers who use more technology and have a greater number of trees in production. The variables that most impact profitability were the use of technology, fitosanitary, the size of the plantation and training.  Objective: The objective of this research was to analyze the use of agricultural technology and the profitability of the tejocote (Crataegus spp.)  production system and its explanatory factors, in order to identify actions to increase the income of fruit growers. Design/methodology/approach: Two patterns were used (producers who carry out good phytosanitary practices and producers who export). A stratified sample of 90 fruit growers was obtained, with 95% reliability and 10% accuracy. Subsequently, a survey was carried out and the profitability of tejocote production was calculated with the data. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability were identified using a multiple regression model. Results: Profitability, measured with the Benefit-Cost indicator, ranged from 0.13 to 2.38, and an average of 0.84. In the scenario of not accounting for family labor or depreciation of infrastructure, a Benefit-Cost Ratio from 0.35 to 6.37 is achieved, with an average of 1.90. The use of technology, measured by the technological index (TI) in the cultivation of tejocote was significant to improve profitability. The average profitability of the high TI stratum is different from the average profitability of the medium and low TI strata. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability that were significant (p≤0.05) were technological index, phytosanitary control, training, schooling and size of the plantation. Study limitations: Most producers do not keep a record of production activities and costs. Likewise, in the analysis of economic profitability it is difficult to assess indirect benefits, intangible benefits and externalities. Findings/Conclusions: It was found that the tejocote activity is profitable for producers who use more technology and have a greater number of trees in production. The variables that most impact profitability were use of technology, phytosanitary control, size of the plantation, and training

Economic impact of Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) ON Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, and its management in the southwestern of Puebla, Mexico

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the economic impact of the sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) and the sorghum crop profitability in Western Puebla, Mexico. Considering the management practices application-index (IAPM), related to the control practices suggested by the State Plant Health Committee (CESAVEG) was obtained. Design/methodology/approximation: Data on socioeconomic aspects of the producer and the production units were collected. The questionnaire was applied to producers affilliated to PROAGRO. Results are shown using descriptive statistics. Results: The aphid infestation in sorghum had its most relevant effect on yield during 2014-2016. Income obtained from sorghum sales is decreasing due to a downward trend in the purchase price per ton. After the arrival of M. sacchari the primary control strategy was to increase the number of insecticide applications, increasing production costs. Limitations of the study/implications: Since producers' incomes do not depend solely on sorghum production, the effect of the pest on their economy was relatively minor. Findings/conclusions: The management practices application index indicates a moderate use of the recommended practices to manage this pest. The B/C ratio suggests that even after the establishment of M. sacchari, sorghum is still a profitable activity.Objective: To evaluate the economic impact of sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sacchari)and the sorghum crop profitability in Western Puebla, Mexico, considering themanagement practices application-index (IAPM), related to the control practicessuggested by the State Plant Health Committee (CESAVEG).Design/Methodology/Approach: Data on socioeconomic aspects of the producer andthe production units were collected. The questionnaire was applied to producersaffiliated to PROAGRO. Results are shown using descriptive statistics.Results: The aphid infestation in sorghum had its most relevant effect on yield during2014-2016. Income obtained from sorghum sales is decreasing due to a downwardtrend in the purchase price per ton. After the arrival of M. sacchari the primary controlstrategy was to increase the number of insecticide applications, increasing productioncosts.Limitations of the study/implications: Since producers; incomes do not depend solely on sorghum production, the effect of the pest on their economy was relatively minor. Findings/Conclusions: The management practices application index indicates amoderate use of the recommended practices to manage this pest. The B/C ratiosuggests that even after the establishment of M. sacchari, sorghum is still a profitableactivity

MOOC “FORMACIÓN PRÁCTICA EN LA FORMACION INICIAL DE PROFESORADO DE SECUNDARIA”. Mejora de materiales docentes y Análisis del impacto de los cambios en la enseñanza al introducir el MOOC en el MUPES

Memoria ID-152. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2019-2020

Evaluación de dos extractos vegetales y el colorante Phloxine-B, para la captura de la mosca del nogal de Castilla, en Puebla, México

Para determinar el tratamiento más eficiente para la captura de Rhagoletis zoqui Bush y utilizarlo como una alternativa a los insecticidas químicos, se desarrolló el presente trabajo en dos huertos de nogal de Castilla Juglans regia, durante los meses de Junio, Julio y Agosto de 2010 en el municipio de San Nicolás de los Ranchos, Puebla. Se evaluaron los extractos acuosos Ricinus communis, Argemone mexicana y el colorante Floxin-B y se compararon con el insecticida comercial Malation®, sobre R. zoqui. El experimento fue realizado con un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. Se utilizaron Trampas tipo Mc Phail y botellas de Pet. La eficiencia de los tratamientos se midió con el índice de captura: Moscas/Trampa/Día (M.T.D.) y ANOVA de dos factores, con una significancia de 0.05 %. Se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los tratamientos. El insecticida comercial fue el que presentó mayor índice de captura, al comparar los M.T.D. de los tratamientos con este insecticida, en los dos huertos. El segundo tratamiento más eficiente después del comercial fue el extracto de R. communis y el tratamiento que presentó menor índice de captura en ambos huertos fue el colorante Floxin-B

Economía familiar e índice de biodiversidad de especies en los traspatios comunitario de Santa María Nepopualco, Puebla

The main function of the backyards in the community of Santa Maria Nepopualco, Puebla; is to provide food for their own consumption, strengthening the family economy by minimizing the expenditure to purchase food; management of these spaces also provides options for conservation of plant biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. The objective of this research was to analyse the financial support in the use of various species in the backyard and identify plant diversity. For this, an instrument to a total of 123 key informants from peasant households (UDC) was applied to the community. The results indicate that 100% of respondents have an average room size of 2 936 m2 near the house for cultivation of plant species. The CHAID analysis indicates that, the benefits generated in the backyard as the dependent variable is significantly associated with the given destination as saving and is mainly directed for the maintenance of the family. In the backyards, we observed a Shannon diversity index (H') of 3.4 bits, considered high; and a total of 130 plant species to which different uses are given. Several factors have influenced the backyard production and therefore in plant diversity. It is necessary to reassess the backyard system and consider the additional benefits that can be obtained.La función principal de los traspatios en la comunidad de Santa María Nepopualco, Puebla; es abastecer de alimentos para autoconsumo, fortaleciendo a la economía familiar al reducir al mínimo la erogación para adquirir en el mercado dichos alimentos; el manejo de estos espacios también proporciona opciones para la conservación de la biodiversidad vegetal en dichos agroecosistemas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar el apoyo económico en el aprovechamiento de diversas especies que se tienen en el traspatio e identificar la diversidad vegetal. Para ello, se aplicó un instrumento a un total de 123 informantes claves de unidades domésticas campesinas (UDC) de la comunidad. Los resultados indican que 100% de los encuestados cuentan con un espacio tamaño promedio de 29.36 m2 cercano a la casa destinado al cultivo de especies vegetales. El análisis CHAID indica que los beneficios generados en el traspatio como variable dependiente, está relacionado significativamente, con el destino que se da del mismo como un ahorro y que se dirige principalmente para la manutención de la familia. En los traspatios se observó un índice de diversidad Shannon (H´) de 3.4 bits, considerado como alto; así como un total de 130 especies vegetales a las que se les dan distintos usos. Diversos factores han influido en la producción de traspatio y por tanto en la diversidad de especies vegetales en el mismo. Es necesario revalorar el sistema de traspatio y considerar los beneficios adicionales que se pueden obtenerse de éste

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, MORPHOLOGIC, PROTEINIC AND CULINARY DESCRIPTION OF THE GRAIN OF BEAN CULTIVARS SOWED IN THE REGION OF TLATZALA, GUERRERO

The research had for object describe the productive process of the of bean culture in the community of Tlatzala, Guerrero and the species diversity by means of the morphologic characteristics of the grain, protein content and the culinary quality. 30 questionnaires were applied to bean producers and 20 varieties of bean were collected from which the morphologic characters of the grain, protein content and the culinary characters were obtained. The production cycle of bean initiates in May and finishes in October. The technology used is traditional, characterized by the use of the yoke in the labors of the culture that demands workforce to realize the activities of manual form. The biological cycle of the varieties begins in June, the variation at time is determinated for the cultivated genotype. The determinate or indeterminate bush beans are predominant (65 %). The sowing systems are intercalated (50 %) and associated with maize (30 %) and monoculture (20 %). The varieties Rojito and Blanco have special uses, the first one has the attribute of being consumed as green-bean all the year around and the second one is used to prepare the dish called Chile-ajo. The Black beans were the most frequent (45 %) followed by the Red beans (35 %) and the least frequent were the Striped one (5 %) and Muddy-like (5 %). The kidney shape of grain was the most abundant (85 %) and the oval one was the least frequent (5 %). The grain weight changed from 14.4 up to 38.5 g. The sizes of grains founded were medium (50 %) and small (50 %). The protein content registered was: White beans 24.68 %, Red bean 24.64 %, Black beans 23.5 % and Striped beans of guide 22.27 %. The Rojito Enano had the major protein content (27.6 %). The cooking times were: Red beans 73 minutes, Striped of guide bean 65.5, Blacks bean 64.6 and Whites bean 59. The Black bean Enano-1 used less time (54 minutes). The Striped of guide bean registered the major amount of solid (0.32 %), followed by the Black beans (0.25 %), Red beans (0.24 %) and Whites beans (0.07 %). The Blanco Mediano-2 beans registered the minor amount of solids (0.06 %). The major water absorption capacity was founded in the Striped of guide bean (122.5 %), followed the Red beans (108.1 %), Blacks beans (99.3 %) and the Whites beans (95.4 %)

Practicas agrícolas, descripción morfológica, proteinica y culinaria del grano de cultivares de frijol sembrados en la región de Tlatzala, Guerrero: varez y Arturo Huerta de la Peña

The research had for object describe the productive process of the of bean culture in the community of Tlatzala, Guerrero and the species diversity by means of the morphologic characteristics of the grain, protein content and the culinary quality. 30 questionnaires were applied to bean producers and 20 varieties of bean were collected from which the morphologic characters of the grain, protein content and the culinary characters were obtained. The production cycle of bean initiates in May and finishes in October. The technology used is traditional, characterized by the use of the yoke in the labors of the culture that demands workforce to realize the activities of manual form. The biological cycle of the varieties begins in June, the variation at time is determinated for the cultivated genotype. The determinate or indeterminate bush beans are predominant (65 %). The sowing systems are intercalated (50 %) and associated with maize (30 %) and monoculture (20 %). The varieties Rojito and Blanco have special uses, the first one has the attribute of being consumed as green-bean all the year around and the second one is used to prepare the dish called Chile-ajo. The Black beans were the most frequent (45 %) followed by the Red beans (35 %) and the least frequent were the Striped one (5 %) and Muddy-like (5 %). The kidney shape of grain was the most abundant (85 %) and the oval one was the least frequent (5 %). The grain weight changed from 14.4 up to 38.5 g. The sizes of grains founded were medium (50 %) and small (50 %). The protein content registered was: White beans 24.68 %, Red bean 24.64 %, Black beans 23.5 % and Striped beans of guide 22.27 %. The Rojito Enano had the major protein content (27.6 %). The cooking times were: Red beans 73 minutes, Striped of guide bean 65.5, Blacks bean 64.6 and Whites bean 59. The Black bean Enano-1 used less time (54 minutes). The Striped of guide bean registered the major amount of solid (0.32 %), followed by the Black beans (0.25 %), Red beans (0.24 %) and Whites beans (0.07 %). The Blanco Mediano-2 beans registered the minor amount of solids (0.06 %). The major water absorption capacity was founded in the Striped of guide bean (122.5 %), followed the Red beans (108.1 %), Blacks beans (99.3 %) and the Whites beans (95.4 %)La investigación tuvo por objeto describir el proceso productivo del cultivo de frijol en la comunidad de Tlatzala, Guerrero y la diversidad de la especie mediante las características morfológicas del grano, contenido de proteína y la calidad culinaria. Fueron aplicados 30 cuestionarios a productores de frijol y se colectaron 20 variedades criollas de las cuales se obtuvieron los caracteres morfológicos del grano, el contenido de proteína y los caracteres culinarios. El ciclo de producción de frijol inicia en mayo y finaliza en octubre. La tecnología utilizada es tradicional caracterizada por el uso de la yunta en las labores del cultivo que demanda mano de obra para realizar las actividades de forma manual. El ciclo biológico de las variedades comienza en junio, la variación en tiempo esta acotada por el genotipo cultivado. Los frijoles de mata o arbustivo son predominantes (65 %). Los sistemas de siembra son: intercalado (50 %) y asociado con maíz (30 %) y monocultivo (20 %). Las variedades Rojito y Blanco tienen usos especiales, la primera tiene el atributo de ser consumida en ejote durante todo el año y la segunda es utilizada para preparar el platillo de chile-ajo. Los frijoles negros son los más frecuentes (45 %) seguidos de los rojos (35 %) y los menos frecuentes fueron el rayado (5 %) y barroso (5 %). Las forma de grano arriñonada es la más abundante (85 %) y la ovalada la menos frecuente (5 %). El peso de grano varió desde 14.4 hasta 38.5 g. Los tamaños de granos encontrados fueron mediano (50 %) y pequeño (50 %). El contenido de proteína registrado fue: frijoles blancos 24.7 %, rojos 24.6 %, negros 23.5 % y Rayado de Guía 22.3 %. El Rojito Enano tuvo el mayor contenido de proteína (27.6 %). Los tiempos de cocción fueron: frijoles rojos 73 minutos, Rayado de Guía 65.5, negros 64.6 y blancos 59. El frijol Negro Enano-1 fue de cocción rápida (54 minutos). El frijol Rayado de Guía registró el mayor contenido de sólidos (0.32 %), seguido de los frijoles negros (0.25 %), rojos (0.24 %) y blancos (0.07 %). El Blanco Mediano-2 registró el menor contenido de sólidos (0.06 %). La mayor capacidad de absorción de agua se encontró en el frijol Rayado de Guía (123 %), continuaron los rojos (108 %), negros (99 %) y los blancos (95 %)