Dynamics of endogenous intoxication indicators in condition of acute blood loss complicated by ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, and their correction by carbacetam

Introduction. In the structure of injuries from gunshot wounds dominate the limb injuries that are often complicated by massive bleeding from the main vessels. The only means of rescue on the battlefield is a timely application of a tourniquet. This ensures complete exsanguination of the limb. The duration of exsanguination should not exceed 2 hours. It is proved that in conditions of acute blood loss complicated by ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, there are prerequisites for the development of dysfunction of internal organs, which in turn exacerbates dysmetabolic and functional disorders, stimulates endotoxicosis and may be complicated by multiple organ failure. However, the patterns of formation of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication in the conditions of ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, acute blood loss and their combinations have not been studied. There are no data on the effect of Carbacetam on these processes. It is known that Carbacetam has proven itself to reduce the manifestations of dysfunction of internal organs in the conditions of ischemic-reperfusion syndrome of the limb.The objective of research: To establish the dynamics of endogenous intoxication in the conditions of ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, acute blood loss and their combination. To evaluate the effectiveness of Carbacetam in the correction of identified abnormalities.Materials and methods. The experimental studies were conducted on 108 white nonlinear male rats weighing 200-220 g, which were housed in standard vivarium conditions. All animals were divided into five groups: control and four experimental. Under thiopental-sodium anesthesia in the first experimental group was simulated ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, in the second – acute blood loss, and in the third – these injuries were combined. In the fourth experimental group, animals with acute blood loss and ischemia-reperfusion of the limb were intraperitoneally administered Carbacetam at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of animal weight. After 1 and 2 hours, as well as after 1, 7 and 14 days in the blood serum was determined the content of middle-mass molecules (MMM254, MMM280).The results and discussion. It was found that ischemia-reperfusion of the limb in comparison with the control group is accompanied by a significant increase of the MMM254 fraction in the blood serum content. From the first hour of the experiment with a maximum after 1 day and normalization of the index up to 14 days. The content in the blood serum of the MMM280 fraction became significantly higher, from the control only after 1 day with subsequent normalization in the following terms of the experiment. After simulation of acute blood loss, both studied fractions of MMM increased from 1 hour of the experiment, reached a maximum after 1 day and did not return to the control level after 14 days. For the first time it was found that two-hour ischemia-reperfusion of the limb significantly aggravates the course of acute blood loss, which revealed a significantly higher content in the serum of fractions MMM254 and MMM280 compared to other experimental groups in almost all periods of the experiment. Due to the use of Carbacetam, the content of both studied fractions of MMM in the serum compared with animals without correction was significantly reduced after 7 and 14 days of the experiment. Although the studied parameters did not return to the level of the Carbacetam control group, it can be considered a pathogenetically justified means of reducing the level of endotoxicosis in the conditions of ischemia-reperfusion of the limb and acute blood loss.Conclusions. Simulation of limb ischemia-reperfusion is accompanied by accumulation of MMM254-280 fractions with a maximum after 1 day of the experiment and normalization up to 14 days. Acute blood loss causes an increase in the serum content of fractions MMM254-280 from 1 hour of the experiment, which up to 14 days do not reach the level of control. The detected disorders are significantly exacerbated after a combination of acute blood loss and ischemia-reperfusion of the limb. The use of Carbacetam in comparison with animals without correction is accompanied by a significant decrease in the content of MMM254-280 fractions in the serum after 7 and 14 days of the experiment

Dynamics of violations the absorption function of the small intestine in conditions of acute blood loss complicated by ischemia-reperfusion of the limbs and their correction

Introduction. In the structure of modern injuries in wartime and peacetime the share of gunshot wounds increased significantly. The timeliness of applying a tourniquet is one of the main methods of saving lives on the battlefield. The patterns of formation of enteral insufficiency syndrome in conditions of acute blood loss complicated by ischemia-reperfusion of the limb have not been studied enough. There are no data on the features of violations of the absorption function of the small intestine in these conditions and the effectiveness of correction with Carbacetam, which is able to reduce the manifestations of acute hemic hypoxia and ischemic-reperfusion syndrome.The objective of research: To establish the peculiarities of the absorption function of the small intestine in the pathogenesis of acute blood loss, ischemia-reperfusion of the limb and their combination. To evaluate the effectiveness of Carbacetam in the correction of identified abnormalities.Materials and methods. The experimental studies were conducted on 108 white nonlinear male rats weighing 200-220 g, which were housed in standard vivarium conditions. All animals were divided into five groups: control and four experimental. Under thiopental-sodium anesthesia in the first experimental group was simulated ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, in the second group – acute blood loss, and in the third group – these injuries were combined. In the fourth experimental group, animals with acute blood loss and ischemia-reperfusion of the limb were intraperitoneally administered Carbacetam at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of animal weight. After 1 and 2 hours, as well as after 1, 7 and 14 days studied the absorption function of the intestines by D-xylose test.The results and discussion. Simulation of limb ischemia-reperfusion compared with the control group causes a decrease in the content of D-xylose in the urine after 1 day of the reperfusion period. Also, acute blood loss is accompanied by a significant decrease in this indicator after 1 day. Until the end of the experiment the rate increases, but up to 14 days does not reach the level of control. The combination of acute blood loss and ischemia-reperfusion of the limb causes a decrease in the content of D-xylose in the urine starting from 1 hour of the experiment, which reaches a minimum after 1 day and remains at the same level until 14 days. In these terms the rate was the lowest compared to other studied groups. The use of Carbacetam for corrective purposes in rats with acute blood loss complicated by ischemia-reperfusion of the limb, compared with animals without correction significantly reduces the detected abnormalities after 7 days and more after 14 days of use.Conclusions. Complications of acute blood loss by ischemia-reperfusion of the limb causes a significant decrease in the absorption function of the small intestine after 1 day of the experiment. The intensity of disorders was significantly higher compared to other experimental groups. The use of Сarbacetam for 7-14 days in the reperfusion period in animals with acute blood loss complicated by limb ischemia-reperfusion, compared with animals without correction, causes a significant increase in the absorption function of the small intestine. This indicates the protective effect of the drug under the conditions of simulated pathology

The dynamics of abnormalities of the biochemical composition of bile under the influence of two-hour tourniquet limb ischemia and acute blood loss in the experiment

Introduction. Traumatism is one of the most current problems nowadays. Its increase is caused by the escalation in number of emergencies. In recent years the proliferation of frequency of terrorist attacks and local armed conflicts has been observed. Under those circumstances, the acute blood loss is considered to be the leading cause of injured people’s death. An effective way of stopping a massive external haemorrhage from the limbs is applying the tourniquet which entirely ceases arterial blood flow. It is deemed that safe duration of tourniquet application is two hours. Individual authors’ researches indicate the negative impact of post-tourniquet reperfusion on body. However, influence of the acute blood loss, which is complicated by limb ischemia-reperfusion, on the internal organs is insufficiently studied.                        Objective of research: to establish peculiarities of the functional state of the liver under impact of two-hour tourniquet limb ischemia and acute blood loss in the experiment.             Materials of the research and their discussion. The experiments were conducted on 96 non-linear male rats weighing 200-220g. All animals were divided into four groups: control and three experimental ones. Injuries were inflicted under thiopental l- sodium anesthesia. In the first experimental group, the limb ischemia-reperfusion injury was performed on animals by a method of applying a band of an elastic tourniquet SWAT-T. (USA), the width of 10 mm, proximally to the rat’s left paw for 120 minutes. Acute blood loss (20% of circulating blood volume) was performed by severing a femoral vein in the second experimental group.  In the third experimental group, these lesions were combined. The control group included the animals, which were injected into anesthesia and subsequently were used for investigations in an hour.                     An hour and two hours later, as well as in 1, 7 and 14 days, the functional state of the liver was determined in experimental animals through collecting the bile within an hour with a further determination of the total bile acids concentration, the cholesterol and calculation of the cholate-cholesterol coefficient.            Result of the research and their discussion. It was established that the two-hour exsanguination of the limb in the reperfusion period can negatively affect the functional state of the liver with a maximum of abnormalities after 3 hours. In comparison with the control group, the content of total bile acids in the bile appreciably decreased and the cholate-cholesterol coefficient increased. Under the circumstances of the acute bleeding, the abnormalities were significantly greater. The reduction in the content of the total bile acids in bile and the cholate-cholesterol ratio was perceived at all periods of the observation as well as the increase in the content of the cholesterol after 1 and 7 days of the experiment, which indicate the dysfunctions in process of the bile acids synthesis from cholesterol and the amplification in lithogenic characteristics of bile. For the first time, it was shown that the combination of acute blood loss and limb ischemia-reperfusion exacerbated the dysfunction of functional state of the liver. Besides, a greater decrease in the content of total bile acids in bile, particularly in 3 hours, in 1 and 14 days of experiment, a significant increase in cholesterol content and a reduction in cholate-cholesterol coefficient after three hours of reperfusion period were observed.                        Consequently, the two-hour tourniquet application in the condition of the acute blood loss in the amount of 20% of circulating blood volume aggravates the liver dysfunction in comparison to each of the effects in particular. This should be taken into consideration while assisting injured and affected people with acute blood loss from limbs, who were being applied with tourniquet. Our results aim at searching for efficacious tools of counteracting the impact of limb ischemia-reperfusion in conditions of acute blood loss.                  Conclusions. The complication of acute blood loss by limb ischemia-reperfusion is accompanied by a summation of their negative impact on the functional state of the liver with a maximum value after 3 h - 1 day of the experiment. Under these circumstances, in 3 hours, 1 and 14 days the content of total bile acids in bile is statistically probably lower compared to the experimental group in which the acute blood loss was solely performed. The increase in the content of the cholesterol in bile is observed as well as the reduction in cholesterol ratio that are statistically substantial after 3 hours of the experiment

Physical education for children with disabilities

Inclusive education is an important direction of modern education. Physical education is an integral part of any educational process. The organization and holding of physical culture for children with disabilities has a number of featuresИнклюзивное образование важное направление системы современного образования. Физическая культура является составной частью любого образовательного процесса. Организации и проведения физической культуры для детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья имеет ряд особенносте

МЕДСЕСТРИНСТВО В УКРАЇНІ XXI СТОЛІТТЯ – ПОГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ

The aim of the study – to study the role of the mid-level medical staff in the development of national health care system and to outline the main directions for improving and applying medical students training in the sphere of health care.The main body. The modern vision on the development of nursing in Ukraine with the requirements that were dictated by society regarding the quality of medical services is outlined in the article. The expediency of wide introduction of simulation training in medicine as a component of preparation of high-quality medical personnel is shown.The modern system of education has a number of traditionally established didactic methods and techniques, but in modern conditions they are not enough. The widespread introduction of high-tech medicine, in which new principles and rules of the diagnostic and therapeutic process arise, and this requires from specialist to have much wider range of knowledge and skills that erases the lines between the traditional division of responsibilities in the system of “nurse- paramedic-physician”.Conclusion. In these circumstances, it should be remembered that work in the simulation training center requires additional knowledge and skills from the teacher, and to be very active during the class. Therefore, in a number of countries, the ratio of teachers’ teaching load in the simulation training center to routine teaching is 1:3.Мета роботи – розглянути роль середньої ланки медичних працівників в умовах розвитку вітчизняної охорони здоров’я і намітити основні напрямки вдосконалення їх підготовки і застосування у сфері надання медичних послуг.Основна частина. У статті висвітлено сучасне бачення розвитку медсестринства в Україні з позицій вимог, які диктує суспільство, щодо якості надання медичних послуг. Показано доцільність широкого впровадження симуляційного навчання в медицині як складової підготовки високоякісного медичного персоналу середньої ланки. Сучасна система освіти володіє низкою традиційно сформованих дидактичних методів і прийомів, однак у сучасних умовах цього недостатньо. Широке впровадження високотехнологічної медицини, у якій виникають нові принципи і правила діагностично-лікувального процесу, вимагає від фахівця значно ширшого спектра знань і вмінь, що стирає грані між традиційним розподілом праці в системі “медична сестра – фельдшер – лікар”.Висновок. У цих умовах слід пам’ятати, що робота в центрі симуляційного навчання вимагає від викладача додаткових знань і вмінь, постійної активної місії на занятті. Тому в ряді країн співвідношення педагогічного навантаження викладача у центрі симуляційного навчання до рутинного викладання становить 1:3

The influence of combined abdominal and thoracic trauma on the bile excretory function of the liver in the period of early manifestations of traumatic disease and their correction with thiotriazoline

Introduction. Traumatism is one of the challenging issues of today's urban society. Multiple and combined lesions, which are characterized by significant severity and high mortality and lead to multiorgan dysfunction and insufficiency, dominate the structure of traumas. In recent years studies of the functional state of the liver have been widely used as a model for development of multiorgan dysfunction in conditions of severe experimental trauma.Objective of the research: to find out the character of disorders of bile excretory function of the liver in conditions of the combined abdominal and thoracic trauma of rats in the early period of a traumatic disease, and to evaluate the effectiveness of their correction with thiotriazoline.Materials of the research and their discussion. The experiments were conducted on 86 non-linear white male rats weighing 200-220 g. All animals were divided into five groups: a control and four experimental ones. Injuries were inflicted under thiopental sodium anesthesia. The control group included intact animals, which were only injected into anesthesia. Animals with simulated thorax trauma were in the first experimental group. In the second experimental group a blunt abdominal trauma was simulated. In the third experimental group, these traumas were combined. In the fourth experimental group of animals with a combined trauma, thiotriazoline was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 9.1 mg per kg-1. In 1, 3, and 7 days after injuries were caused under conditions of thiopental sodium anesthesia, the common bile duct was catheterized in animals and bile was taken for 60 minutes. The rate of bile excretion was set. The concentration of total bile acids and conjugated bilirubin was determined in bile, and their excretion rate was calculated.Results of the research and their discussion. In conditions of causing isolated thoracic trauma, abdominal trauma and their combination, a significant disorder of the bile-excreting function of the liver emerges, that is, first of all, manifested by a decrease in the speed of bile excretion and excretion of its main components - cholates and conjugated bilirubin. The severity of liver dysfunction can be divided as follows: isolated thoracic trauma ← isolated abdominal trauma ← combined trauma. In conditions of isolated thoracic trauma, the investigated parameters in comparison with the control reach a minimum level up to the 3d day and normalize to the 7th day. After causing an isolated abdominal trauma the rate of bile excretion and the rate of excretion of total bile acids decrease after a day.However, all investigated parameters reach a minimum value after 3 days and remain at the same level up to the 7 day. After a combined trauma, the indicators gradually decrease to the 7th day and in each subsequent period become significantly smaller than in the previous one. The use of thiotriazoline for the correction of the detected disorders in the group of animals with combined trauma compared with animals without correction contributed to a significant increase in the rate of bile excretion, excretion of total bile acids and conjugated bilirubin. Although, by the 7th day the indicators did not reach the level of the control group, it can be stated that thiotriazoline exerts a positive effect on the biliary function of the liver.Conclusions. Combined abdominal and thoracic trauma contributes to a greater reduction in liver functional capacity compared with isolated lesions. They are based on the suppression of the rate of bile excretion and excretion of total bile acids and conjugated bilirubin. The use of thiotriazoline at a dose of 9.1 mg / kg-1 for animals with combined abdominal trauma is accompanied by a significant reduction in biliary function of the liver

The role of bilateral ovariectomy in the impairments of prooxidant-antioxidant balance and renal concentrating capacity in rats in the period of late manifestations of the traumatic disease and the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy

Introduction. Traumatic events are currently considered to be one of the topical issues. The progression of renal failure plays an important role in the pathogenesis of traumatic disease. It is essential to evaluate the ability of renal tubular epithelium to the urine osmotic concentration in order to indicate the direct renal tubular damage. A sodium-free water clearance (S-CH2O) is a sensitive indicator reflecting the kidneys ability to concentrate the urine. It is established that the renal functional state, the resistance of the kidneys to the development of various disorders depends on the estrogen concentration. The key mechanism of the indirect effect of estrogens on the kidneys is via their direct antioxidant action. However, the role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of oxidative and functional impairments of the kidneys in the presence of cranioskeletal trauma is insufficiently studied. There is no data available on the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy under those circumstances.The objective of research: to determine the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and renal concentrating capacity following the cranioskeletal trauma model in rats with bilateral ovariectomy in the period of late manifestations of the traumatic disease and evaluate the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy.Material and methods: The experimental studies were conducted on 64 white non-linear female rats weighing 200-220g. The experimental model of hypoestrogenism was performed through the surgical removal of gonads. The rats were subjected to the cranioskeletal model one month after removal of the gonads. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was used as a corrective treatment in the separate subgroup of gonadectomized rats subjected to the cranioskeletal trauma. The control groups consisted of intact animals and rats 1 month after removal of the gonads that were not injured. The renal functional state was determined via a water loading test in the control groups of animals and after 1 and 2 months of postrraumatic period. The sodium concentration, as well as the S-CH2O value was measured in serum and urine. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and catalase activity were determined in renal cortex and medulla. The prooxidant/antioxidant ratio (ProAntidex) was calculated based on the above data.The results and discussion. The conducted studies indicated the considerable decrease in ProAntidex value in renal cortex and medulla in the group of gonadectomized rats compared to the animals without gonadectomy after 1 month of the posttraumatic period, confirming the protective antioxidant role of estrogens in adequate renal function. The cranioskeletal trauma model led to the declined parameter value in renal cortex and medulla in both experimental groups after 1 month of the posttraumatic period. The prooxidant/antioxidant ratio was significantly decreased in the first month following the trauma in the gonadectomized rats as compared to the rats without the gonadectomy, and remained at the same level up to the 2nd month of the posttraumatic period. The identified abnormal value of ProAntidex in the posttraumatic period clearly affected the dynamics of S-CH2O. This parameter was reported as decreased in both experimental groups compared to the control. However, the parameter was substantially decreased 1 and 2 months after trauma under conditions of the gonadectomy.                   The administration of hexestrol and progesterone to the gonadectomized rats with trauma model resulted in the considerable increase in value of ProAntidex in renal cortex and medulla starting from the 1st day of the posttraumatic period compared to the animals without corrective medication. Moreover, it was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in S-CH2O rate, indicating the enhancement in the functional capacity of the renal tubules.Conclusions. The value of ProAntidex decreases in renal cortex and medulla in the group of gonadectomized female rats after 1 month of the posttraumatic period, and is significantly lower compared to the animals without removal of the gonads. The cranioskeletal trauma model leads to the substantially declined prooxidant/antioxidant ratio value in renal cortex and medulla, which is reported as considerably greater in the group of gonadectomized animals after 1 month of the posttraumatic period, showing no tendency to enhance after 2 months of the experiment. The administration of hormone replacement therapy to the gonadectomized rats is accompanied by the increase in ProAntidex value and S-CH2O rate compared to the animals without corrective medication

The effect of cranioskeletal trauma complicated by blood loss on the functional state of the liver in the early period of traumatic disease in rats with different resistance to hypoxia and their correction

Introduction. Traumatic events are considered to be one of the current problems in modern urban society. Beyond being the immediate cause of the death of the injured, the development of multiple organ failure syndrome is a perilous complication of severe multiple and combined trauma. An experimental cranioskeletal trauma is known to be accompanied by internal organ dysfunction. Nonetheless, the development of organ dysfunction in terms of hypoxia resistance in the presence of cranioskeletal trauma remains insufficiently studied.The objective of research: to establish the dynamics of the functional state of the liver in the presence of cranioskeletal trauma, complicated by blood loss in rats with different hypoxia resistance in the early period of traumatic disease and evaluate the efficacy of Thiocetam in the correction of identified abnormalities.Material and methods: The experimental studies were conducted on 196 white non-linear male rats weighing 180-200g. Initially, an individual resistance to hypoxia of the rats was estimated, and the animals demonstrated high- and low- resistance value to hypoxia (HR and LR, respectively) were selected for the further study. The HR- and LR-rats were separately divided into 4 groups: control and three experimental once. In the first experimental groups the HR-and LR-animals were induced the cranioskeletal trauma under thiopental sodium anesthesia (40 mg·kg-1); the animals of the second experimental groups were inflicted the acute blood loss of 20-22% of circulating blood volume; in the third experimental groups, the HR and LR animals were subjected to an acute blood loss following the cranioskeletal trauma and administered the intraperitoneal injection of the Thiocetam at a dose of 250 mg·кg-1 of body weight once a day for correction. The bile excretion function of the liver was analyzed in the controls and experimental groups of animals 1, 3 and 7 days after trauma.The results and discussion. The conducted studies indicated the higher rate of bile excretion in the control group of LR-rats compared to the control of HR-rats. The rate of bile excretion was occurred decreased in both HR- and LR-rats under the influence of the cranioskeletal trauma. However, the degree of decrease in the studied parameter of the LR-rats was considerably greater than the corresponding value of the HR-rats. An additional blood loss model resulted in more marked abnormalities, particularly in the experimental group of LR-rats. The 7-day administration of Thiocetam led to the significant decrease in the abnormal bile excretion rate in the experimental groups of HR- and LR-rats compared to the animals without corrective medication. The analysis of deviation degree of the studied parameter in the animals administered Thiocetam in relation to the animals without correction evidenced better efficacy of the medication in the experimental group consisted of LR-rats compared to the group of HR-rats, especially under the conditions of additional acute blood loss model. Consequently, Thiocetam is able to compensate less-developed defense mechanisms of LR-rats compared to the HR-rats, which should be taken into consideration in real-life clinical practice settings in the comprehensive treatment of the injured with cranioskeletal trauma complicated by blood loss considering the possibility to determine their resistance to hypoxia.Conclusions. The rate of bile excretion as a basic indicator of the functional state of the liver in the intact LR-rats is found to be substantially higher than in HR-rats. The degree of decrease in the rate of bile excretion is significantly greater in LR-rats after 7 days of the post-traumatic period under the influence of cranioskeletal trauma complicated by acute blood loss. The administration of Thiocetam is accompanied by a marked positive effect on the rate of bile excretion in the HR- and LR-rats, but the degree of increase in the studied parameter is considerably greater in the experimental group of LR-rats

Influence of cranioskeltal trauma, complicated with blood loss, on the bile-forming function of liver during the early period of traumatic disease among rats with different resistance to hypoxia and its correction

Introduction. The development of multiorgan dysfunction and insufficiency is one of the serious complications of severe multiple and combined lesions. In their pathogenesis, a key role is played by secondary lesions of organs remote from the site of direct injury, which is caused by the systemic response of the body to inflammation and is a characteristic feature of traumatic disease. As a model of the development of organ damage in experimental polytrauma, the biliary function of liver is often investigated. However, the features of systemic disorders, in particular, the biliary function of liver, in conditions of severe skeletal injury, depending on the resistance to hypoxia, have not been studied enough.Purpose: to determine the dynamics of biliary function of liver in case of cranioskeletal trauma complicated with blood loss among rats with different resistance to hypoxia during the early period of traumatic disease and to evaluate the effectiveness of thiocetam in the correction of identified disorders.Materials and methods. 108 nonlinear white male rats weighing 180-200 g were used in the experiments. Previously, individual resistance to hypoxia was determined, rats were divided into two groups: with high- and low-resistance (HR and LR) animals to hypoxia. Subsequently, HR and LR rats were divided into 4 groups: one control and three experimental. Under conditions of thiopentale sodium anesthesia (40 mg kg-1) the first experimental group HR and LR of rats was had cranioskeletal trauma, the second - acute blood loss in the amount of 20-22% of circulating blood volume, the third experimental group after application of cranioskeletal injuries and acute blood loss in order to correct HR and LR-rats were thrown Thiocetam intraperitoneally, dose 250 mg kg-1 of body weight 1 time per day. Animals of the control and experimental groups in 1, 3 and 7 days after injury were catheterized the common bile duct, collected bile, in which the content of total bile acids was determined.It was found out that laboratory white rats, which are genetically different in resistance to hypoxia, also differ in the intensity of biliary function of liver. Among HR rats, the bile content of total bile acids was higher than that among LR rats. Under the influence of cranioskeletal injury, the bile content of total bile acids decreased among both HR and LR rats. Despite the lower initial content of total bile acids in the bile of LR rats, under the influence of cranioskeletal trauma in this group, the degree of the studied indicator reduction was significantly greater than among HR rats, indicating greater sensitivity of LR rats to pathogens of traumatic disease, which lead to damage to the microsomal monooxygenase system of hepatocytes. Under the conditions of acute blood loss additional modeling, the disorders were more visible, but the result was statistically significant only among LR rats in 3 days of the experiment. In addition, LR rats had a greater degree of reduction of the studied indicator in 3 and 7 days of the experiment. Under the influence of seven-day-usage of Thiocetam in the groups of LR and HR rats with cranioskeletal trauma, the violation of total bile acids content in the bile became significantly lower compared to animals without correction. A similar result was found under conditions of additional acute blood loss. Under these conditions, the degree of increase of total bile acids content in the bile was greater among LR rats than among HR rats, which indicates a higher efficiency of Thiocetam among LR rats.Conclusions: 1. The content of total bile acids in the bile among intact HR-rats is significantly higher than among LR-rats. Under the influence of cranioskeletal trauma, the content of total bile acids in the bile is reduced compared to the control, but the degree of reduction is significantly greater among LR rats after 7 days of the experiment. Complication of cranioskeletal injury with acute blood loss causes a significantly greater reduction in the bile content of total bile acids among LR rats compared with HR rats after 3 and 7 days of the experiment. The use of Thiocetam is accompanied by a decrease of liver biliary dysfunction, which is more visible among LR rats with acute blood loss

Особливості динаміки показників ендогенної інтоксикації при індукованому соляною кислотою гострому ураженні легень

In experimental studies on rats we found out that in acute lung injury rates there is increasing an endogenous intoxication – content serum fractions of average molecular weight within 48 hours of observation and erythrocytic index of intoxication for 24 hours followed by 72 hours of decrease in the experiment.В экспериментальных исследованиях на крысах установлено, что при остром поражении легких растут показатели эндогенной интоксикации – содержание в сыворотке крови фракций молекул средней массы в течение 48 ч наблюдения и эритроцитарный индекс интоксикации в течение 24 ч с последующим уменьшением через 72 ч эксперимента.В експериментальних дослідженнях на щурах виявлено, що при гострому ураженні легень зростають показники ендогенної інтоксикацій – вміст у сироватці крові фракцій молекул середньої маси впродовж 48 год спостереження та еритроцитарний індекс інтоксикації протягом 24 год з наступним зменшенням через 72 год експерименту