La politique sociale en Allemagne 1945-1994

Par rapport à la France, la situation de la politique sociale allemande en 1945 fut très différente. Ceci non seulement à la suite du partage du pays qui s’amorça d’abord rapidement dans la réalité et ensuite juridiquement. L’Allemagne revêtait en Europe une position de pionnière en politique sociale depuis les années 1880, quand l’État commença à fondre les multiples traditions en un système cohérent d’assurances sociales. Mais ce fut un système dont les structures reflétaient, dans l’organi..

Runtime Verification of P4 Switches with Reinforcement Learning

© ACM 2019. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in Proceedings of the 2019 Workshop on Network Meets AI & ML - NetAI’19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3341216.3342206.We present the design and early implementation of p4rl, a system that uses reinforcement learning-guided fuzz testing to execute the verification of P4 switches automatically at runtime. p4rl system uses our novel user-friendly query language, p4q to conveniently specify the intended properties in simple conditional statements (if-else) and check the actual runtime behavior of the P4 switch against such properties. In p4rl, user-specified p4q queries with the control plane configuration, Agent, and the Reward System guide the fuzzing process to trigger runtime bugs automatically during Agent training. To illustrate the strength of p4rl, we developed and evaluated an early prototype of p4rl system that executes runtime verification of a P4 network device, e.g., L3 (Layer-3) switch. Our initial results are promising and show that p4rl automatically detects diverse bugs while outperforming the baseline approach.EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNetBMBF, 01IS17052, Adaptiver, Virtueller Assistent zur LAwinenwarnung Nach CHarakter Eigenschaften (AVALANCHE

Antibody-coating of bacteria in the urine in relation to various immunologic indexes

Antibody-coating of bacteria in the urine in relation to various immunologic indexes. Little is known about the immunologic aspects of antibody coating, though the test for determining antibody-coated bacteria in urine has been examined for its diagnostic uses by many authors after its inauguration in 1974. In adults with chronic pyelonephritis with and without antibody-coated bacteria in the urine, we tested whether bacterial coating is correlated with the homologous O-antibody titre in the urine. We also determined Ig levels in urine and serum, as well as homologous O-antibody titres in serum. By means of indirect immunofluorescence technique, we were able to show homologous O-antibodies in the urine of all patients with and without antibody-coated bacteria. IgG and IgA levels in urine were mostly raised, as were often the O-antibody titres in the serum. There were no significant differences in the immunologic parameters within the patient groups with or without antibody-coating. The presence of homologous O-antibodies in urine does not therefore necessarily lead to coating of the bacteria.Recouvrement des bactéries par des anticorps en relation avec divers index immunologiques. Les connaissances concernant l'aspect immunologique du recouvrement par des anticorps sont peu nombreuses bien que le test de détection dans l'urine de bactéries recouvertes d'anticorps ait été évalué pour son utilité diagnostique par de nombreux auteurs depuis sa description en 1974. Chez des adultes atteints de pyélonéphrite chronique avec et sans présence dans l'urine de bactéries recouvertes d'anticorps nous avons recherché une corrélation entre ce recouvrement et le titre d'anticorps homologue O dans l'urine. Nous avons aussi déterminé les concentrations d'Ig dans l'urine et le sérum, de même que le titre de l'anticorps homologue O dans le sérum. Au moyen de la technique d'immunofluorescence indirecte nous avons pu mettre en évidence des anticorps homologues O dans les urines de tous les malades, qu'elles contiennent ou non des bactéries recouvertes d'anticorps. Les concentrations d'IgG et d'IgA dans l'urine étaient le plus souvent élevées de même que les titres d'anticorps O dans le sérum. Il n'a pas été observé de différence significative dans les index immunologiques dans les groupes de malades avec ou sans recouvrement des bactéries par des anticorps. La présence d'anticorps homologues O dans l'urine n'implique pas nécessairement le recouvrement des bactéries

Genetic Fingerprint of Immunosuppression Following Half-marathon Running in Microarray Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: An acute bout of exhaustive exercise such as marathon or half-marathon running can interfere with immunity, reflected by transient immunosuppression and inflammation like reaction following the event. To gain more insights into these mechanisms, the capacity of whole blood cultures in profiling gene expression in response to endotoxin (LPS) was studied in athletes before, 30min after, 3h after and 24h after a half-marathon run. Methods: Four well trained men and 4 well trained women participated and gene expression patterns were assessed in LPS-stimulated (1h) and unstimulated whole blood using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays. Results: exercise significantly altered several genes in LPS-stimualted and unstimulated blood cultures of male and female athletes. A row of genes with prominent anti-inflammatory function were strongly up-regulated in unstimulated cultures in both sexes (ARG-1, SOCS3, DUSP-1, BMX, GOS2, CD177, and GJB6). In the same cultures a row of highly inflammatory and apoptotic genes were down-regulated (Granzymes A-M-B-K-H, PRF1, SPON2, Granulysin, KLRF1, PLEKHF1). Some of these genes which were significantly up-or down-regulated in unstimulated cultures were also strongly regulated in LPS-stimulated cultures (GJB6, ARG-1, ORM2, KLRF1, TRA@///TRD@, Granzymes, SPON2). In addition, there were some strongly regulated genes which could only be detected in LPS-stimulated cultures but not in unstimulated cultures. Among these, TNIP3, PLAU, HIVEP1, and SLED were up-regulated and IFN-β, IFN-γ, L-12B, CXCL4. CXCL10 and TRAF1 were significantly down-regulated. Conclusion: there is a row of genes which are strongly regulated through exercise but can only be detected in (endotoxin) stimulated cultures. This is direct evidence showing that the response to pathogens is strongly down-regulated following prolonged exhaustive exercise through different ways

Towards Runtime Verification of Programmable Switches

Is it possible to patch software bugs in P4 programs without human involvement? We show that this is partially possible in many cases due to advances in software testing and the structure of P4 programs. Our insight is that runtime verification can detect bugs, even those that are not detected at compile-time, with machine learning-guided fuzzing. This enables a more automated and real-time localization of bugs in P4 programs using software testing techniques like Tarantula. Once the bug in a P4 program is localized, the faulty code can be patched due to the programmable nature of P4. In addition, platform-dependent bugs can be detected. From P4_14 to P4_16 (latest version), our observation is that as the programmable blocks increase, the patchability of P4 programs increases accordingly. To this end, we design, develop, and evaluate P6 that (a) detects, (b) localizes, and (c) patches bugs in P4 programs with minimal human interaction. P6 tests P4 switch non-intrusively, i.e., requires no modification to the P4 program for detecting and localizing bugs. We used a P6 prototype to detect and patch seven existing bugs in eight publicly available P4 application programs deployed on two different switch platforms: behavioral model (bmv2) and Tofino. Our evaluation shows that P6 significantly outperforms bug detection baselines while generating fewer packets and patches bugs in P4 programs such as switch.p4 without triggering any regressions

Mouse models of pemphigus: valuable tools to investigate pathomechanisms and novel therapeutic interventions

Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) are paradigms of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders that involve skin and/or mucous membranes. Compared to other autoimmune diseases, the pathogenicity of autoantibodies in AIBD is relatively well described. Pemphigus is a potentially lethal autoantibody driven autoimmune disorder with a strong HLA class II association. It is mainly characterized by IgG against the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Several murine pemphigus models were developed subsequently, each allowing the analysis of a characteristic feature, such as pathogenic IgG or Dsg3-specific T or B cells. Thus, the models can be employed to preclinically evaluate potentially novel therapies. We here thoroughly summarize past and recent efforts in developing and utilizing pemphigus mouse models for pathomechanistic investigation and therapeutic interventions

Frankreich und das nationalsozialistische Deutschland

International audienc

Cultures franco allemandes communes dans la différence

International audienc

Chapitre I. « Cerner » la noblesse luxembourgeoise au xviiie siècle

La noblesse au Luxembourg, transmissible de père en fils, se définit juridiquement par un certain nombre de privilèges et d’interdits. Parmi les premiers, le plus important est sans doute jusqu’en 1771 l’exemption des aides et autres charges publiques. Cette disposition n’est pas incluse dans le droit coutumier écrit, d’où un problème d’interprétation sur la nature de cet impôt : réel ou personnel. L’auteur anonyme d’un Traité de la noblesse luxembourgeoise, évoquant un « Règlement de l’Ayde ..

L'occupation française après 1945 et les relations franco-allemandes

French Post-war Occupation in French-German Relations Since 1945, Rainer Hudemann. Recent research and the opening up of archives make it possible to reinterpret French-German relations concerning French occupation at the end of the Second World War. Many preconceived ideas have been challenged, particularly the fact that French policy concerning Germany in 1945 was a reprint of its 1919 economic and military security policy as well as its policy of obstruction on the Berlin Interallied Control Council in which it was very active. After 1945, important French initiatives were implemented on the ground in the occupation zone, preparaing for future cooperation.Hudemann Rainer. L'occupation française après 1945 et les relations franco-allemandes. In: Vingtième Siècle, revue d'histoire, n°55, juillet-septembre 1997. pp. 58-68