Education, innovations and development of local markets in CEE countries: problems and perspectives

This paper presents brief results of the analysis of educational potential dynamics and its relation with development of regional labour markets. The educational potential is described by the structure of the economically active population with different levels of education. The aim of the research was to study the impact of the educational potential of the economically active population on the development of regional markets in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Authors used for research the Eurostat data for the NUTS2 regions of the following CEE countries: Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Analysis of the distribution of educational potential of the economically active population of these CEE countries at the regional level was carried out using the methods of spatial econometrics and statistics. Research results demonstrated: insufficient response of local markets to changes in the structure of educational potential and the level of investment in fixed assets; strong state regulation of the unemployment rate in the former post-socialist countries (Czechia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia); complex relationships between labour productivity growth rates, average wages, changes in educational potential and unemployment rates; significant influence of the surrounding regional environment on the socio-economic processes taking place in certain regions

Ontogenic Changes of Villus Growth, Lactase Activity, and Intestinal Glucose Transporters in Preterm and Term Born Calves with or without Prolonged Colostrum Feeding

Oral glucose supply is important for neonatal calves to stabilize postnatal plasma glucose concentration. The objective of this study was to investigate ontogenic development of small intestinal growth, lactase activity, and glucose transporter in calves (n = 7 per group) that were born either preterm (PT; delivered by section 9 d before term) or at term (T; spontaneous vaginal delivery) or spontaneously born and fed colostrum for 4 days (TC). Tissue samples from duodenum and proximal, mid, and distal jejunum were taken to measure villus size and crypt depth, protein concentration of mucosa and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV), total DNA and RNA concentration of mucosa, mRNA expression and activity of lactase, and mRNA expression of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) and facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in mucosal tissue. Additionally, protein expression of SGLT1 in BBMV and GLUT2 in crude mucosal membranes and immunochemical localization of GLUT2 in the enterocytes were determined. Villus height in distal jejunum was lower in TC than in T. Crypt depth in all segments was largest and the villus height/crypt depth ratio in jejunum was smallest in TC calves. Concentration of RNA was highest in duodenal mucosa of TC calves, but neither lactase mRNA and activity nor SGLT1 and GLUT2 mRNA and protein expression differed among groups. Localization of GLUT2 in the apical membrane was greater, whereas in the basolateral membrane was lower in TC than in T and PT calves. Our study indicates maturation processes after birth for mucosal growth and trafficking of GLUT2 from the basolateral to the apical membrane. Minor differences of mucosal growth, lactase activity, and intestinal glucose transporters were seen between PT and T calves, pointing at the importance of postnatal maturation and feeding for mucosal growth and GLUT2 trafficking

Gene and protein expression of glucose transporters in small intestinal mucosa of calves.

<p>¹ Gene and protein expression of glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 were performed in duodenum, proximal, mid, and distal jejunum 2 h after feeding on day 2 of life in preterm (PT) and term (T) born calves and on day 4 of life in term born and colostrum-fed calves (TC).</p><p>²Values are means ± standard error, n = 7 per group, different values between segments (within one column) of each parameter are shown with lowercase letters (^a,b<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Gene and protein expression of glucose transporters in small intestinal mucosa of calves.</p

Immunofluorescence analysis of GLUT2 protein in small intestinal mucosa of calves.

<p>Protein expression of GLUT2 is shown in duodenum (A) and proximal jejunum (B) of preterm born calves (PT), in proximal jejunum (C), mid jejunum (D), and duodenum (E) of term born calves (T), and in proximal (F) and mid jejunum (G) of 4-day old and colostrum-fed calves (TC). Immunofluorescence analysis was performed without anti-GLUT2 antibody in duodenum (H; PT calf) and mid jejunum (I; TC calf).</p

Gene expression and activity of lactase in small intestinal mucosa of calves.

<p>¹Measurements were performed in duodenum, proximal, mid, and distal jejunum 2 h after feeding on day 2 of life in preterm (PT) and term (T) born calves and on d 4ay of life in term born and colostrum-fed calves (TC).</p><p>²Values are means ± standard error, n = 7 per group, different values between segments (within one column) of each parameter are shown with lowercase letters (^a,b,c<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Gene expression and activity of lactase in small intestinal mucosa of calves.</p

Protein, DNA, and RNA content in small intestinal mucosa of calves.

<p>¹Measurements were performed in duodenum, proximal, mid, and distal jejunum 2 h after feeding on day 2 of life in preterm (PT) and term (T) born calves and on day 4 of life in term born and colostrum-fed calves (TC).</p><p>²Values are means ± standard error, n = 7 per group, different values between groups (within a row) are shown with capital letters (^A,B<i>P</i> < 0.05) and between segments (within one column) of each parameter are shown with lowercase letters (^a,b<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Protein, DNA, and RNA content in small intestinal mucosa of calves.</p

Histomorphometric measurements in small intestinal mucosa of calves.

<p>¹Histomorphometric measurements were performed in duodenum, proximal, mid, and distal jejunum 2 h after feeding on day 2 of life in preterm (PT) and term (T) born calves and on day 4 of life in term born and colostrum-fed calves (TC).</p><p>²Values are means ± standard error, n = 7 per group, different values between groups (within a row) are shown with capital letters (^A,B<i>P</i> < 0.05) and between segments (within one column) of each parameter are shown with lowercase letters (^a,b,c<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p>Histomorphometric measurements in small intestinal mucosa of calves.</p

Rank of immunoreactions of GLUT2 in small intestinal mucosa of calves.

<p>¹Rank of immunoreactions of GLUT2 in apical and basolateral membranes were performed in duodenum, proximal, mid, and distal jejunum 2 h after feeding on d 2 of life in preterm (PT) and term (T) born calves and on d 4 of life in term born and colostrum-fed calves (TC).</p><p>²Values are means ± standard error, differences between two groups (within a segment, ns = non-significant) or between location (apical versus basolateral, * <i>P</i> < 0.05) are tested with Kruskal Wallis Test.</p><p>Rank of immunoreactions of GLUT2 in small intestinal mucosa of calves.</p