Marshall Hubsher

Formation of mental symptoms as hybrid objects According to the psychiatrist Marshall Hubsher, most mental symptoms begin as brain signals that result in a malfunction of pathways, sites, etc. and that by penetrating into consciousness they give rise to proto-experiences that are often experienced for the first time. To emphasize the inchoate pre-linguistic nature of these experiences they have been called "primordial soup" (PC). Affected people can seek communication of their experience, but since communication is based on meaning, these proto-experiences must first be configured. And the affected individual does that by means of personal, family, social and cultural configurations. In this sense, the cognitive management of CP is not different from that of any other signal. However, the incoming ordinary information is easy to configure because the subjects have a series of emotional and cognitive templates acquired through development and education. However, there are no such templates to configure proto-new experiences. For this reason, the subjects first respond to them with perplexity and emotionality. Sometimes, the subject manages to configure the CP, often with the help of a doctor, and can transmit it in the form of a verbalization. This constitutes the "mental symptom" as it appears in the case notes. The psychiatrist, Marshall Hubsher shares in his research publications that the semantic / cultural configuration of the brain signal can be so profound that the final content of the mental symptoms does not reflect the neuropsychological specificity of its origin. For example, the fact that a subject verbalizes a symptom with "perceptual" content ("hearing" voices or "seeing" people) does not mean that the original signal originated in the brain regions of perception. This is because the "same" brain signal can be configured as different types of mental symptoms, and different signals can be configured as the "same" symptom. Very often, it is difficult for the individual to decide whether his CP consists of an image or an idea (as it happens during sleep), and the final communication of the proto-experience as hallucination or as a delusional idea will depend more on the cognitive configuration or emotional than the brain signal itself. Similarly, unpleasant internal states could be interpreted by some patients as "depression" while others describe them as "anxiety," "fatigue," or "pain." It is important to remember that current research paradigms conceive mental symptoms as cartography of specific brain sites in which univocal correspondence is established and therefore cannot cope with these cultural reconfigurations. In this clip, Marshall Hubsher proposes that the special combination of biological signals and cultural configurations give rise to a new type of object that should be called a hybrid object. Psychiatry is not the only discipline capable of constructing such objects; For example, the history of art, geography, and psychology also do it. "Hybrid objects" include components of both the natural and the social world. The proportion that each component contributes (in relation to each of the known mental symptoms) and the way they interact require more research. It is clear that the classification needs of hybrid objects and how they relate to the brain also differ from physical and abstract objects. Hybrid objects should not be considered a mere "combination" of physical and abstract objects, because they come from the configurative action of human beings and, therefore, are imbued with the emotional, volitional and cognitive force generated by people when facing an experience (the primordial broth) complex and (often) puzzling. As dynamic responses, hybrid objects are totally in tune with personality and mental state. They are an expression of the way in which beliefs, cultural codes and worldview intertwine in response to a strange experience

Dr Marshal Hubsher

DEFINITION OF PSYCHIATRY Psychiatry is the science that is dedicated to the study and treatment of mental illness. According to the psychiatrist, Dr Marshall Hubsher Its objective is to prevent, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate disorders of the mind. Psychiatry Only in the 19th century did mental disorders begin to be treated scientifically as diseases. Until then, people suffering from mental illnesses were locked in asylums and received different treatments with the intention of restoring their reason. Thanks to literature and cinema, many of the atrocities to which people suffering from mental disorders were subjected decades and centuries ago, who questioned the supposed benefits of treatments, are known. On the other hand, it is worrisome to think that many of today's psychiatric patients are victims of mistreatment, and that so many people roam the streets of the cities talking to themselves, without receiving any kind of assistance from the authorities or, something perhaps more sad, of the other beings of their species, who look the other way. The German Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) is often mentioned as the father of psychiatry and responsible for including this science within the field of medicine. From their contributions, psychiatry began to consider both psychological and social factors and biological issues in the treatment of patients. Dr Marshall Hubsher points out that, therefore psychiatric treatments, can be divided into two main types: biological ones, which can include the supply of medicines and the application of electroshock to act in the brain's biochemistry, and psychotherapeutic ones, which appeal to the techniques of psychology. Psychiatry has several subspecialties, such as psychopathology (which studies the processes that can lead to mental insanity), psychopharmacology (dedicated to the analysis of the effects of drugs on behavioral, emotional or cognitive treatments) and sexology (the schematic study of human sexuality). It is known as anti-psychiatry to the set of theories and positions that consider that traditional psychiatry is not beneficial because it uses inadequate medical concepts, is linked to the economic interests of pharmaceutical companies, stigmatizes their patients and even treats people against their own will . Comparison with psychology The common people tend to believe that the difference between psychology and psychiatry lies simply in the fact that the former does not include the supply of medications to patients; However, next we will see that the relationship between the two is much more complex. The experienced psychiatrist, Dr Marshall Hubsher lists their similarities: * both are sciences that are dedicated to the mental health care of human beings; * both offer the possibility of treating patients through therapy; * allow interaction with the other science when this may be beneficial for a patient; * both present specialties for children, adolescents and adults. Next, we will study some of its main differences, both in relation to the application and in formal and academic issues: * while to receive the title of psychologist it is necessary to study a degree in Psychology, to become a psychiatrist you must study Medicine and then specialize in this science; * As mentioned above, only psychiatrists have the power to prescribe medications; * Psychology focuses on the emotional plane, and psychiatry focuses its study in neurology; * Regarding its classification, psychology is a social science, while psychiatry is a natural science; * Within psychology it is possible to find different branches, such as the clinic. Psychiatry, on the other hand, is itself a branch (of medicine); * The time needed to complete both races is different. After completing the medical degree, which is a year longer than psychology, you must complete a specialization in psychiatry and then the corresponding residences

Percutaneous intervention of large bladder calculi in neuropathic voiding dysfunction

PURPOSE: To report our results and rationale for treating large bladder calculi in patients with neuropathic voiding dysfunction (NVD) using percutaneous cystolithalopaxy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with a previously diagnosed NVD presenting with a large stone burden were identified from our department database and a retrospective review of case notes and imaging was performed. RESULTS: Percutaneous access to remove bladder stones (range 8x7 to 3x2 cm) had a mean surgery length of 150 min and blood loss of 23 mL. Six of the seven patients treated percutaneously were discharged on the day of surgery and suffered no complications, while one patient experienced poor suprapubic tube drainage and required overnight admission with discharge the following day. Transurethral removal of stone burden (range 4x4 to 4x3 cm) had a mean surgery length of 111 min and blood loss of 8 mL. Each of these three patients were under our care for less than 23 hours, and one patient required a second attempt to remove 1x0.5 cm of stone fragments. There was no statistical difference between mean operative times and estimated blood loss, p = 0.5064 and p = 0.0944 respectively, for the two treatment methods. CONCLUSION: In this small series, percutaneous cystolithalopaxy was a safe, effective, and often preferred minimally invasive option for removal of large calculi in patients with NVD. We suggest possible guidelines for best endoscopic approach in this population, although a larger and prospectively randomized series will be ideal for definitive conclusions

Recherches sur une présentation quantifiée des revenus agricoles

Garnier Bernard, Hubsher Ronald. Recherches sur une présentation quantifiée des revenus agricoles. In: Histoire, économie et société, 1984, 3ᵉ année, n°3. pp. 427-452