Type-Species Designation for the Jurassic Mayfly Genus \u3ci\u3eMesephemera\u3c/i\u3e (Ephemeroptera: Mesephemeridae)

(excerpt) Among the many new genera established by Anton Handlirsch in his monumental work Die .fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Fortnen: Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen (Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig, 1906-1908) was a genus of Ephemer- optera for which he designated no type-species and for which one has still not been designated

The Mayfly Family Behningiidae (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeroidea): Keys to the Recent Species With a Catalog of the Family

Keys to the known Recent species of the mayfly family Behningiidae are presented. Also included is a catalog of references to the genera and species of the Behningiidae, along with indications of described stages and geographical distributions

Copurification of actin and desmin from chicken smooth muscle and their copolymerization in vitro to intermediate filaments

Desmin is a 50,000-mol wt protein that is enriched along with 100-A filaments in chicken gizzard that has been extracted with 1 M KI. Although 1 M KI removes most of the actin from gizzard, a small fraction of this protein remains persistently insoluble, along with desmin. The solubility properties of this actin are the same as for desmin: they are both insoluble in high salt concentrations, but are solubilized at low pH or by agents that dissociate hydrophobic bonds. Desmin may be purified by repeated cycles of solubilization by 1 M acetic acid and subsequent precipitation by neutralization to pH 4. During this process, a constant nonstoichiometric ratio of actin to desmin is attained. Gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA34 in the presence of 0.5% Sarkosyl NL-97 reveals nonmonomeric fractions of actin and desmin that comigrate through the column. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P300 in the presence of 1 M acetic acid reveals that the majority of desmin is monomeric under these conditions. A small fraction of desmin and all of the actin elute with the excluded volume. When the acetic acid is removed from actin-desmin solutions by dialysis, a gel forms that is composed of filaments with diameters of 120-140 A. These filaments react uniformly with both anti-actin and anti-desmin antiserum. These results suggest that desmin is the major subunit of the muscle 100-A filaments and that it may form nonstoichiometric complexes with actin

Immunological Characterization of the Subunit of the 100 angstrom Filaments from Muscle Cells

We report the immunological characterization of the subunit of the intermediate sized (100 angstrom) filaments from muscle cells. The protein as isolated from smooth muscle (chicken gizzard) has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. It is insoluble in buffers that solubilize myosin and the majority of actin, but becomes soluble in the presence of urea. Under a variety of experimental conditions, that include the presence of 8 M urea, this new protein comigrates with actin during purification studies. The two proteins can be separated from each other by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and antibodies have been elicited against the 50,000 dalton protein purified by using this technique. These antibodies crossreact with the partially purified protein in urea, but show no detectable cross reaction with actin or myosin. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals that in skeletal muscle this protein is found in close association with the Z lines of the sarcomeres and extends between the Z lines of adjacent myofibrils; it is also associated with filamentous structures that run along the length of a muscle fiber both in close association with the plasma membrane and between myofibrils. These filaments appear to connect myofibrils to each other or to the plasma membrane at the level of their Z lines. In heart muscle, the protein shows the same distribution as in skeletal muscle. In addition, it is found intimately associated with intercalated disks and areas of membrane interaction between laterally associated heart muscle cells. The immunofluorescent localization to the subunit of the 100 angstrom filaments suggests that in muscle cells this molecule may serve to link actin filaments at the level of the Z line (or intercalated disk) with the muscle plasma membrane. We believe that it functions in muscle primarily as a three dimensional matrix which interconnects individual myofibrils to one another and to the plasma membrane at the level of their Z lines. In this manner, this molecule may provide a framework that mechanically integrates all the contractile myofilaments during the contraction and relaxation of muscle. As a means of indicating its linking role in muscle, we have termed the protein desmin (from the Greek delta epsilon sigma µ os = link, bond)

Effects of Helium Phase Separation on the Evolution of Extrasolar Giant Planets

We build on recent new evolutionary models of Jupiter and Saturn and here extend our calculations to investigate the evolution of extrasolar giant planets of mass 0.15 to 3.0 M_J. Our inhomogeneous thermal history models show that the possible phase separation of helium from liquid metallic hydrogen in the deep interiors of these planets can lead to luminosities ~2 times greater than have been predicted by homogeneous models. For our chosen phase diagram this phase separation will begin to affect the planets' evolution at ~700 Myr for a 0.15 M_J object and ~10 Gyr for a 3.0 M_J object. We show how phase separation affects the luminosity, effective temperature, radii, and atmospheric helium mass fraction as a function of age for planets of various masses, with and without heavy element cores, and with and without the effect of modest stellar irradiation. This phase separation process will likely not affect giant planets within a few AU of their parent star, as these planets will cool to their equilibrium temperatures, determined by stellar heating, before the onset of phase separation. We discuss the detectability of these objects and the likelihood that the energy provided by helium phase separation can change the timescales for formation and settling of ammonia clouds by several Gyr. We discuss how correctly incorporating stellar irradiation into giant planet atmosphere and albedo modeling may lead to a consistent evolutionary history for Jupiter and Saturn.Comment: 22 pages, including 14 figures. Accepted to the Astrophysical Journa

Limnology of Four Bauxite Open-Pit Lakes

The aquatic flora and fauna and 18 physicochemical characteristics of four bauxite open-pit lakes were studied from September 1969 to August 1970. The least acid lake (pH 3.4-4.4) supported 49 different aquatic insects, plankton, and higher aquatic plants. The most acid lake (pH 2.7-3.2) supported only 26 different plants and animals. Bauxite open-pit lakes within the pH range studied appear to be as relatively unproductive as their coal strip-mine lake counterparts, with which they share physicochemical and biological characteristics. Benthic macrofaunal diversity and abundance appear to be related more closely to distribution and abundance of leaf detritus than to hydrogen-ion concentration

Aerodynamic Investigation of a Cup Anemometer

This thesis presents the results of an investigation wherein the change of the normal force coefficient with Reynolds Number was obtained statically for a 15.5-centimeter hemisphere cup under the following conditions: (1) single cup with no interference; (2) single cup with three-cup interference; (3) four cups. The coefficients found in this research vary with Reynolds Number and are high as compared with those of Eiffel. The effect of interference upon a single cup is to increase the drag and normal force coefficients. The curve resulting from the summation of the coefficients for four cups agrees with the static torque curve of a Robinson type cup anemometer. All tests were carried on in the University of Detroit atmospheric wind tunnel during May 1933

Atmospheric effects on sonic-boom signatures

Atmospheric refraction, grazing incidence wave impingement, and turbulence interaction effects on sonic boom ground pressure signature

Sonic-boom research: Selected bibliography with annotation

Citations of selected documents are included which represent the state of the art of technology in each of the following subject areas: prediction, measurement, and minimization of steady-flight sonic booms; prediction and measurement of accelerating-flight sonic booms; sonic-boom propagation; the effects of sonic booms on people, communities, structures, animals, birds, and terrain; and sonic-boom simulator technology. Documents are listed in chronological order in each section of the paper, with key documents and associated annotation listed first. The sources are given along with acquisition numbers, when available, to expedite the acquisition of copies of the documents