Canonical Filtrations of Gorenstein Injective Modules

The principle "Every result in classical homological algebra should have a counterpart in Gorenstein homological algebra" is given in [3]. There is a remarkable body of evidence supporting this claim (cf. [2] and [3]). Perhaps one of the most glaring exceptions is provided by the fact that tensor products of Gorenstein projective modules need not be Gorenstein projective, even over Gorenstein rings. So perhaps it is surprising that tensor products of Gorenstein injective modules over Gorenstein rings of finite Krull dimension are Gorenstein injective. Our main result is in support of the principle. Over commutative, noetherian rings injective modules have direct sum decompositions into indecomposable modules. We will show that Gorenstein injective modules over Gorenstein rings of finite Krull dimension have filtrations analogous to those provided by these decompositions. This result will then provide us with the tools to prove that all tensor products of Gorenstein injective modules over these rings are Gorenstein injective.Comment: 9 pages; It has been accepted for publication in Proceedings of the American Mathematical Societ

Serving the Indy Community in Multimedia

poster abstractOver the years, School of Informatics faculty and students have served the community partners by creating 2D and 3D animations, shooting promotional videos, public service announcement videos, and documentary videos, design Web sites, producing games and graphic designs. This exhibit includes some examples of such works

An Update on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Dementia

With the rapidly expanding evidence on brain structural and functional changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, there is an increasing need to update our understanding on how T2DM associates with dementia as well as the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A literature search of T2DM and dementia or cognition impairments was carried out in electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. In this review, the chosen evidence was limited to human subject studies only, and data on either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or non-classified diabetes were excluded. T2DM is a risk factor for both vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although AD pathological marker studies have not provided sufficient evidence. T2DM interacts additively or synergistically with many factors, including old age, hypertension, total cholesterol, and APOE ɛ4 carrier status for impaired cognition functions seen in patients with T2DM. In addition, comorbid T2DM can worsen the clinical presentations of patients with either AD or VaD. In summary, T2DM increases the risk for AD through different mechanisms for VaD although some mechanisms may overlap. Tau-related neurofibrillary tangles instead of amyloid-β plaques are more likely to be the pathological biomarkers for T2DM-related dementia. Degeneration of neurons in the brain, impaired regional blood supply/metabolism, and genetic predisposition are all involved in T2DM-associated dementia or cognitive impairments

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Impairments: A Systematic Review

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a major subtype of diabetes and is usually diagnosed at a young age with insulin deficiency. The life expectancy of T1DM patients has increased substantially in comparison with that three decades ago due to the availability of exogenous insulin, though it is still shorter than that of healthy people. However, the relation remains unclear between T1DM and dementia as an aging-related disease. We conducted a systematic review of existing literature on T1DM and cognition impairments by carrying out searches in electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. We restricted our review to studies involving only human subjects and excluded studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus or non-classified diabetes. A meta-analysis was first performed on the relationship between T1DM and cognitive changes in youths and adults respectively. Then the review focused on the cognitive complications of T1DM and their relation with the characteristics of T1DM, glycemic control, diabetic complications, comorbidities, and others. First, age at onset, disease duration, and glycemic dysregulation were delineated for their association with cognitive changes. Then diabetic ketoacidosis, angiopathy, and neuropathy were examined as diabetic complications for their involvement in cognitive impairments. Lastly, body mass index and blood pressure were discussed for their relations with the cognitive changes. Future studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of T1DM-related cognitive impairments or dementia

Heritage linguistics and language activism: A conversation with the Siraya

We reveal some of the problems we have encountered in the last few years while attempting to revitalize the Siraya language on the one hand and fighting for official recognition of the people on the other. As our group consists of a linguist, a community leader, and a musician, two of whom Siraya natives and the last a member through marriage, our discussion is particularly relevant to two of the original ideas introduced in ICLDC in 2009, namely, heritage linguistics (Crippen, 2009) and language activism (Florey et al., 2009). Crucially, it corresponds to the actual work that realizes the two ideas through ingenious endeavor (e.g., Leonard, 2008, 2009). In the paper we first celebrate the collective achievements of our community in recent years through recounting them: the publication of a series of storybooks with audio CDs and native illustrations; the producing of new songs in Siraya and using them in language teaching; a short-lived but much appreciated mother tongue program in local schools; a government-sponsored linguistic seminar; and the beginning of a teacher-training program. Then we address the difficulties that have confronted us over the years, including those of linguistic nature and those of political nature. In fact, they are all related: when we sit together studying our heritage language, we often find ourselves planning, organizing, and strategizing our next street protest or court appearance. In addition, we acknowledge that some of these difficulties indeed come from our personal lives, but we also encourage our audience to consider these “personal issues” as probably, unavoidably, social. For example, perhaps many of our personal problems are in reality related to our persons, i.e., our being indigenous persons without an official status in our own country, and a main reason why the government has refused our people an official status is because it considers our language extinct, and thus our culture and race extinct as well. It hence all comes full circle: the personal is social, the social is personal, and the linguistic problems are always truly inseparable from those cultural and sociopolitical. All in all, it is our most sincere hope that, by carrying out Bourdieu’s (1990) call for a “reflexive practice” of social science and through honest conversations, our audience and we can together envision a new breed of indigenous activism that is both theoretically ideal and practically possible, one that which fits the heritage linguist and the non-heritage alike

How wired are U.S. hospitals? A study of patient-oriented interactive tools

This study examined U.S. hospital websites to find out how they have used interactive tools to engage and serve their patients. The findings and recommendations from this study will provide guidance to the development of the U.S. hospitals and even beyond for at least the next decade. A content analysis was conducted to compare The Most Wired Hospitals with the total U.S. hospital population and compare the 2018 data and the 2011 data so as to observe the horizontal and vertical differences. The study has found that, in 2018, U.S. hospitals have adopted significantly more interactive tools and reached an average of 8.5 tools; core e-business tools have gained the biggest increase; most of such tools almost reached ubiquity among the Most Wired Hospitals. The study concludes that using interactive tools to serve patients on U.S. hospital websites and on social media is becoming a norm, that the majority of U.S. hospitals were adequately equipped to interact with their patients through their websites, and that whether to make a hospital website action-driven is more determined by the hospital administration’s awareness, determination, and strategic planning than by hospital size

Controllable Multi-domain Semantic Artwork Synthesis

We present a novel framework for multi-domain synthesis of artwork from semantic layouts. One of the main limitations of this challenging task is the lack of publicly available segmentation datasets for art synthesis. To address this problem, we propose a dataset, which we call ArtSem, that contains 40,000 images of artwork from 4 different domains with their corresponding semantic label maps. We generate the dataset by first extracting semantic maps from landscape photography and then propose a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based approach to generate high-quality artwork from the semantic maps without necessitating paired training data. Furthermore, we propose an artwork synthesis model that uses domain-dependent variational encoders for high-quality multi-domain synthesis. The model is improved and complemented with a simple but effective normalization method, based on normalizing both the semantic and style jointly, which we call Spatially STyle-Adaptive Normalization (SSTAN). In contrast to previous methods that only take semantic layout as input, our model is able to learn a joint representation of both style and semantic information, which leads to better generation quality for synthesizing artistic images. Results indicate that our model learns to separate the domains in the latent space, and thus, by identifying the hyperplanes that separate the different domains, we can also perform fine-grained control of the synthesized artwork. By combining our proposed dataset and approach, we are able to generate user-controllable artwork that is of higher quality than existingComment: 15 pages, accepted by CVMJ, to appea

Interpreting 16S metagenomic data without clustering to achieve sub-OTU resolution

The standard approach to analyzing 16S tag sequence data, which relies on clustering reads by sequence similarity into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), underexploits the accuracy of modern sequencing technology. We present a clustering-free approach to multi-sample Illumina datasets that can identify independent bacterial subpopulations regardless of the similarity of their 16S tag sequences. Using published data from a longitudinal time-series study of human tongue microbiota, we are able to resolve within standard 97% similarity OTUs up to 20 distinct subpopulations, all ecologically distinct but with 16S tags differing by as little as 1 nucleotide (99.2% similarity). A comparative analysis of oral communities of two cohabiting individuals reveals that most such subpopulations are shared between the two communities at 100% sequence identity, and that dynamical similarity between subpopulations in one host is strongly predictive of dynamical similarity between the same subpopulations in the other host. Our method can also be applied to samples collected in cross-sectional studies and can be used with the 454 sequencing platform. We discuss how the sub-OTU resolution of our approach can provide new insight into factors shaping community assembly.Comment: Updated to match the published version. 12 pages, 5 figures + supplement. Significantly revised for clarity, references added, results not change

The genome evolution and domestication of tropical fruit mango

Background: Mango is one of the world’s most important tropical fruits. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which includes several other economically important species, notably cashew, sumac and pistachio from other genera. Many species in this family produce family-specific urushiols and related phenols, which can induce contact dermatitis. Results: We generate a chromosome-scale genome assembly of mango, providing a reference genome for the Anacardiaceae family. Our results indicate the occurrence of a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in mango. Duplicated genes preferentially retained include photosynthetic, photorespiration, and lipid metabolic genes that may have provided adaptive advantages to sharp historical decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperatures. A notable example of an extended gene family is the chalcone synthase (CHS) family of genes, and particular genes in this family show universally higher expression in peels than in flesh, likely for the biosynthesis of urushiols and related phenols. Genome resequencing reveals two distinct groups of mango varieties, with commercial varieties clustered with India germplasms and demonstrating allelic admixture, and indigenous varieties from Southeast Asia in the second group. Landraces indigenous in China formed distinct clades, and some showed admixture in genomes. Conclusions: Analysis of chromosome-scale mango genome sequences reveals photosynthesis and lipid metabolism are preferentially retained after a recent WGD event, and expansion of CHS genes is likely associated with urushiol biosynthesis in mango. Genome resequencing clarifies two groups of mango varieties, discovers allelic admixture in commercial varieties, and shows distinct genetic background of landraces