Sulfur Mediated Alleviation of Mn Toxicity in Polish Wheat Relates to Regulating Mn Allocation and Improving Antioxidant System

Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient that has been proved to play an important role in regulating plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of S status on polish wheat plant response to Mn toxicity. Results showed that Mn stress inhibited plant growth, disturbed photosynthesis and induced oxidative stress. In response to Mn stress,polish wheat plant activated several detoxification mechanisms to counteract Mn toxicity, including enhanced antioxidant defense system, increased Mn distribution in the cell wall and upregulated genes involved in S assimilation. Moderate S application was found to alleviate Mn toxicity mainly by sequestering excess Mn into vacuoles, inhibiting Mn translocation from roots to shoots, stimulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and enhancing GSH production via upregulating genes involved in S metabolism. However, application of high level S to Mn-stressed plants did not significantly alleviated Mn toxicity likely due to osmotic stress. In conclusion, moderate S application is beneficial to wheat plants against Mn toxicity, S exerts its effects via stimulating the antioxidant defense system and regulating the translocation and subcellular distribution of Mn, in which processes GSH plays an indispensable role

Table_1_Engineering a functional thyroid as a potential therapeutic substitute for hypothyroidism treatment: A systematic review.docx

BackgroundHypothyroidism is a common hormone deficiency disorder. Although hormone supplemental therapy can be easily performed by daily levothyroxine administration, a proportion of patients suffer from persisting complaints due to unbalanced hormone levels, leaving room for new therapeutic strategies, such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.MethodsElectronic searches of databases for studies of thyroid regeneration or thyroid organoids were performed. A systematic review including both in vitro and in vivo models of thyroid regenerative medicine was conducted.ResultsSixty-six independent studies published between 1959 and May 1st, 2022 were included in the current systematic review. Among these 66 studies, the most commonly involved species was human (19 studies), followed by mouse (18 studies), swine (14 studies), rat (13 studies), calf/bovine (4 studies), sheep/lamb (4 studies) and chick (1 study). In addition, in these experiments, the most frequently utilized tissue source was adult thyroid tissue (46 studies), followed by embryonic stem cells (ESCs)/pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (10 studies), rat thyroid cell lines (7 studies), embryonic thyroid tissue (2 studies) and newborn or fetal thyroid tissue (2 studies). Sixty-three studies reported relevant thyroid follicular regeneration experiments in vitro, while 21 studies showed an in vivo experiment section that included transplanting engineered thyroid tissue into recipients. Together, 12 studies were carried out using 2D structures, while 50 studies constructed 3D structures.ConclusionsEach aspect of thyroid regenerative medicine was comprehensively described in this review. The recovery of optimal hormonal equilibrium by the transplantation of an engineered functional thyroid holds great therapeutic promise.</p