Novel legacy A-C cable with the capability of predicting abnormal charging

This disclosure describes techniques to monitor the operation of a USB type C connector to prevent damage to charging ports and/or connected devices. The operating temperature of a USB type C connector is monitored by the use of a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (NTC) positioned close to the USB connector. Voltage across the NTC falling below a threshold indicates high temperature and causes the system to disconnect the connector from the power supply. In addition to over temperature protection, if the power supply falls below a threshold, the described system disconnects the connector from the power supply

Genome sequencing of ovine isolates of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis offers insights into host association

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The genome of <it>Mycobacterium avium </it>subspecies <it>paratuberculosis </it>(<it>MAP</it>) is remarkably homogeneous among the genomes of bovine, human and wildlife isolates. However, previous work in our laboratories with the bovine K-10 strain has revealed substantial differences compared to sheep isolates. To systematically characterize all genomic differences that may be associated with the specific hosts, we sequenced the genomes of three U.S. sheep isolates and also obtained an optical map.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our analysis of one of the isolates, <it>MAP </it>S397, revealed a genome 4.8 Mb in size with 4,700 open reading frames (ORFs). Comparative analysis of the <it>MAP </it>S397 isolate showed it acquired approximately 10 large sequence regions that are shared with the human <it>M. avium </it>subsp. <it>hominissuis </it>strain 104 and lost 2 large regions that are present in the bovine strain. In addition, optical mapping defined the presence of 7 large inversions between the bovine and ovine genomes (~ 2.36 Mb). Whole-genome sequencing of 2 additional sheep strains of <it>MAP </it>(JTC1074 and JTC7565) further confirmed genomic homogeneity of the sheep isolates despite the presence of polymorphisms on the nucleotide level.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Comparative sequence analysis employed here provided a better understanding of the host association, evolution of members of the <it>M. avium </it>complex and could help in deciphering the phenotypic differences observed among sheep and cattle strains of <it>MAP</it>. A similar approach based on whole-genome sequencing combined with optical mapping could be employed to examine closely related pathogens. We propose an evolutionary scenario for <it>M. avium </it>complex strains based on these genome sequences.</p

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Emerging Infection with Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in the Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. ap) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD) in herbivores with potential involvement in cases of Crohn's disease in humans. JD is spread worldwide and is economically important for both beef and dairy industries. Generally, pathogenic ovine strains (M. ap-S) are mainly found in sheep while bovine strains (M. ap-C) infect other ruminants (e.g. cattle, goat, deer), as well as sheep. In an effort to characterize this emerging infection in dromedary/Arabian camels, we successfully cultured M. ap from several samples collected from infected camels suffering from chronic, intermittent diarrhea suggestive of JD. Gene-based typing of isolates indicated that all isolates belong to sheep lineage of strains of M. ap (M. ap-S), suggesting a putative transmission from infected sheep herds. Screening sheep and goat herds associated with camels identified the circulation of this type in sheep but not goats. The current genome-wide analysis recognizes these camel isolates as a sub-lineage of the sheep strain with a significant number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between sheep and camel isolates (∼1000 SNPs). Such polymorphism could represent geographical differences among isolates or host adaptation of M. ap during camel infection. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to examine the genomic basis of this emerging infection in camels with implications on the evolution of this important pathogen. The sequenced genomes of M. ap isolates from camels will further assist our efforts to understand JD pathogenesis and the dynamic of disease transmission across animal species

IS<i>1311</i> polymorphisms in <i>M.av</i> and within <i>M.ap</i> strains.

<p>IS<i>1311</i> polymorphisms in <i>M.av</i> and within <i>M.ap</i> strains.</p

Summary of next generation sequencing results.

<p>Summary of next generation sequencing results.</p

Circular map of the newly identified SNPs and indels in camel isolate JQ5 relative to the <i>M. ap</i> K-10 strain [<b>51</b>].

<p>The outer circle shows the genomic scale. The second circle shows the location of the 4,395 ORFs in the <i>M. ap</i> K-10 genome. Genes (magenta) on the forward strand are shown outside of the baseline; genes (olivegreen) on the reverse strand are shown inside of the baseline. Inner circles show all indels (blue), synonymous SNPs (orange), and nonsynonymous SNPs (lime) identified in <i>M. ap</i> of camel origin. The figure was generated with GenVision software (DNAStar, Madison, WI).</p

Histological analysis of camel samples collected from animals suffering from Johne's disease.

<p>A) A representative of lymph node thin section stained with H&E showing diffuse granulomatous response (arrows). B) A lymph node section stained with Zeil-Neelsen stain showing high level of acid-fast bacilli. C) A representative of intestinal section stained with H&E showing aggregates of lymphatic infiltration (arrows). D) An intestinal section stained with Zeil-Neelsen stain showing patches of acid-fast bacilli. Size bars are included in the bottom of each section.</p

List of genes with high number of SNPs in <i>M. ap</i> JQ5 compared to <i>M. ap</i> K-10.

<p>List of genes with high number of SNPs in <i>M. ap</i> JQ5 compared to <i>M. ap</i> K-10.</p

A list of accession numbers for organisms and genes used in this manuscript.

<p>A list of accession numbers for organisms and genes used in this manuscript.</p