Propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada influenciadas pela cobertura vegetal de inverno e pela adubação orgânica e mineral

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal de inverno, constituída de uma associação de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) com nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), da adubação orgânica com esterco de aves e da adubação mineral sobre propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada do estado de Santa Catarina. As análises foram realizadas em amostras de solo coletadas em agosto de 1994 e janeiro de 1995, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, em um experimento iniciado em 1990. Observou-se que a cobertura vegetal de inverno mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção de nutrientes, especialmente o potássio, e dos níveis de carbono orgânico, dentro dos limites da camada arável. O uso de adubo orgânico proporcionou acúmulo de nutrientes no solo, enquanto os adubos organomineral e mineral mostraram tendência de redução, principalmente dos níveis de potássio do solo

Meta-Analysis of Efficacy of Interventions for Elevated Depressive Symptoms in Adults Diagnosed With Cancer

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients are at increased risk for depression compared with individuals with no cancer diagnosis, yet few interventions target depressed cancer patients. METHODS: Efficacy of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic interventions for depression in cancer patients who met an entry threshold for depressive symptoms was examined by meta-analysis. Five electronic databases were systematically reviewed to identify randomized controlled trials meeting the selection criteria. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges’ g and were pooled to compare pre- and postrandomization depressive symptoms with a random effects model. Subgroup analyses tested moderators of effect sizes, such as comparison of different intervention modalities, with a mixed effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials (six psychotherapeutic and four pharmacologic studies) met the selection criteria; 1362 participants with mixed cancer types and stages had been randomly assigned to treatment groups. One outlier trial was removed from analyses. The random effects model showed interventions to be superior to control conditions on reducing depressive symptoms postintervention (Hedges’ g = 0.43, 95% confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.56, P < .001). In the four psychotherapeutic trials with follow-up assessment, interventions were more effective than control conditions up to 12–18 months after patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups (P < .001). Although each approach was more effective than the control conditions in improving depressive symptoms (P < .001), subgroup analyses showed that cognitive behavioral therapy appeared more effective than problem-solving therapy (P = .01), but not more effective than pharmacologic intervention (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that psychological and pharmacologic approaches can be targeted productively toward cancer patients with elevated depressive symptoms. Research is needed to maximize effectiveness, accessibility, and integration into clinical care of interventions for depressed cancer patients

Novel phenanthridinone inhibitors of poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose) synthetase: Potent cytoprotective and antishock agents

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize novel inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) synthetase (PARS), also known as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and to test them in in vitro models of oxidant-induced cytotoxicity and in endotoxin and splanchnic occlusion-reperfusion-induced shock. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective laboratory study. SETTING: Research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Murine macrophages, thymocytes, and endothelial cells; Balb/c mice and Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Macrophages and endothelial cells were treated with peroxynitrite and bleomycin to induce PARS activation, and thymocytes were treated with peroxynitrite to induce cell necrosis. Novel PARS inhibitors were synthesized and used to reduce PARS activation and to reverse cytotoxicity. Balb/c mice were subjected to splanchnic occlusion and reperfusion and were pretreated with various doses (1-10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) of PJ34, a selected, potent, water-soluble PARS inhibitor. The passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran (4 kDa) was analyzed in everted gut ileal sacs incubated ex vivo as an index of gut permeability. Wistar rats were subjected to Escherichia coli bacterial lipopolysaccharide (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally). PJ34 was also used at 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 hr before lipopolysaccharide or at 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally 1 hr after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Serum concentrations of indicators or multiple organ injury, concentrations of various proinflammatory mediators, and tissue concentrations of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde were measured. In addition, survival rates and vascular contractile and relaxant responses were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Appropriate modifications of the phenanthridinone core structure yielded significant increases in the potency of the compounds, both as PARS inhibitors and as cytoprotective agents. The compound N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-phenanthridin-2-yl) -N,N-dimethylacetamide (designated as PJ34) was one of the potent PARS inhibitors of the series, and it dose-dependently protected against thymocyte necrosis, with a half-maximal restoration of cell viability of 35 nM and complete protection at 200 nM. PARS activation also was visualized by immunohistochemistry and was dose-dependently suppressed by PJ34. The effect of PJ34 was dose-dependently reversed by excess nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized). The PARS inhibitors dose-dependently suppressed proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and restored viability in immunostimulated macrophages. PJ34 was selected for the subsequent in vivo studies. PJ34 significantly protected against splanchnic reperfusion-induced intestinal hyperpermeability in the mouse. PJ34 reduced peak plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and nitrite/nitrate in the plasma of lipopolysaccharide-treated rats. PJ34 ameliorated the lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in indexes of liver and kidney failure and concentrations of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde in the lung and gut. Lipopolysaccharide elicited vascular dysfunction, which was normalized by PJ34. Lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality was reduced by PJ34 (both pre- and posttreatment). CONCLUSIONS: The novel series of phenanthridinone PARS inhibitors have potent cytoprotective effects in vitro and significant protective effects in shock and reperfusion injury in rodent models in vivo

Alterações em propriedades de solo adubado com doses de composto orgânico sob cultivo de bananeira Changes in soil properties managed with organic compost rates, under banana plant

Com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de composto orgânico nas propriedades químicas do solo cultivado com bananeira 'Prata-anã' (Musa AAB), foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Botucatu-SP. O plantio foi realizado no mês de novembro de 2002, com mudas convencionais, adotando-se o espaçamento de 2,5 x 2,5 m. O composto orgânico foi produzido com serragem de madeira e esterco de bovino, sendo os tratamentos empregados constituídos das seguintes doses de composto: T1 = 0 g planta-1 de K2O (dose zero do composto - Testemunha); T2 = 98,5 g planta-1 de K2O (43 kg planta-1 de composto); T3 = 197,0 g planta-1 de K2O (86 kg planta-1 de composto); T4 = 290,5 g planta-1 de K2O (129 kg planta-1 de composto); T5 = 394,0 g planta-1 de K2O (172 kg planta-1 de composto), sendo essas doses calculadas de acordo com o teor de potássio presente no mesmo. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos, 5 repetições e 2 plantas por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão. Aos quatro meses após a aplicação da última parcela da adubação com composto orgânico, realizou-se amostragem de solo da camada de 0 a 20 cm e foram avaliadas as propriedades químicas do solo. A adubação orgânica promoveu incrementos no pH, matéria orgânica, fósforo, cálcio, soma de bases, CTC e saturação por bases do solo.<br>Aiming to evaluate the effects of different organic compost rates in chemical properties of soil cultivated with banana plants 'Prata-anã' (Musa AAB), this present work was carried out at "Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP", Botucatu-SP. Plants were placed in the prepared area in November 2002, at 2,5 x 2,5 m spacing between plants. The organic compost was produced using wood residue and bovine manure and the treatments were constituted by different compost rates: T1 = 0 g plant-1 of K2O (zero of compost); T2 = 98,5 g plant-1 of K2O (43 kg plant-1 of compost); T3 = 197,0 g plant-1 of K2O (86 kg plant-1 of compost); T4 = 290,5 g plant-1 of K2O (129 kg plant-1 of compost); T5 = 394,0 g plant-1 of K2O (172 kg plant-1 of compost). Rates were calculated based on the amount of potassium contained in the compost. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with 5 treatments, 5 replications and 2 plants per plot. Data were submitted to variance analysis and to regression analysis. Four months after the last compost application, the soil was sampled at 20 cm deep and the chemical properties of the soil were evaluated. The organic fertilization increased pH, organic matter, phosphorus, calcium, the sum of bases, CTC, and the base saturation of the soil