30 research outputs found
Pictorial scale of perceived water competence (PSPWC) testing manual
The Early Years Special Interest Group have completed a technical publication, âPictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC) Testing Manualâ. This publication is the first to specifically focus and develop an assessment tool appropriate for young children aged 4 â 8 years old. It aims to address the following specific needs 1) to be accessible to this young age range, 2) to be suitable for children of different swimming levels, 3) cover all the aquatic fundamentals â water entry, breath control, buoyancy, balance, propulsion, immersion, water exit, gliding and vision.
The idea to develop the PSPWC started during the Early Years Special Interest Group meeting at Laramie 2016 AIESEP, which then developed into a larger group of experts in order to develop and present the assessment tool. A four year process of critical analysis, preliminary face-validity, face-validity and content validity were completed in the development of each version of the PSPWC until the final testing manual was completed. Within the testing manual all aquatic skills and test items are represented through visual methodologies of drawings by a professional illustrator. In order to engage young childrenâs interests and to keep their attention to facilitate their understanding and to obtain more meaningful responses.
The testing manual includes 3 level progressions for each situation, skill or test item, level 1 = ânot able to do the skillâ; level 2 = âskill in progressâ and level 3 = âable to do the skill. The 3 level progression was developed as the expert group considered it more appropriate to have a process orientated scale showing a childâs developmental progression. The PSPWC can be applied for use in children (measurement of their own perceived water competence), in parents (measurements of their perception of childrenâs water competence) and/or in teachers (measurement of their perception of pupilsâ / studentsâ water competence.
The testing manual is accessible to all through open access publication
An evaluation of the reliability of the pictorial scale of perceived water competence and its relationship with actual water competence
In its recent development, the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC) showed good face and construct validity. However, additional reliability and validity research is needed, including test-retest reliability and a demonstration of the relationship between PSPWEC test scores and actual water competence. Toward that aim, we administered the PSPWC to 124 children, aged 5â8 years. We repeated this test administration after one week for a subset of 55 children to determine its test-retest reliability, and the remaining 69 children also performed the fully aligned Actual Aquatic Skills Test (AAST) in an indoor swimming pool to provide data for our investigation of the relationship between PSPWC scores and actual water competence. We found good test-retest reliability, both at the global level (ICC = 0.81, n = 55) and at the level of individual skills (Weighted kappa coefficients from 0.58 to 0.90), with no significant differences between these two test scores. We also found a moderate positive relationship between PSPWC and AAST total scores (r = .64, n = 69), with no significant difference between total scores of actual and perceived water competencies. Children overestimated their competence in three specific skills: the back star, swimming on the front, and diving in deep water. While these results underline specific situations in which childrenâs higher self-perceptions of their water competence are a risk factor for their water safety, these data confirm that the PSPWC is reliable for measuring childrenâs perceived competencies in aquatic education and drowning prevention, and there is further support for its validity through a moderate correlation with actual water competencies
Cianoacrilato na colagem de BrĂĄquetes ortodĂŽnticos em resina acrĂlica: hĂĄ maior adesĂŁo?
Pacientes em tratamento ortodĂŽntico apresentam restauraçÔes provisĂłrias com frequĂȘncia. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliam a influĂȘncia dos adesivos na resistĂȘncia ao cisalhamento dos brĂĄquetes nessas superfĂcies. A resina acrĂlica Ă© comumente indicada para colagem de brĂĄquetes, porĂ©m o uso do cianoacrilato como adesivo ortodĂŽntico Ă© uma opção analisada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do cianoacrilato associado aos materiais comumente utilizados para a fixação de brĂĄquetes metĂĄlicos em restauraçÔes provisĂłrias de resina acrĂlica. Quarenta amostras em resina acrĂlica foram preparadas e as superfĂcies homogeinizadas com lixas de carboneto de silĂcio (320 e 600). Em seguida, as amostras foram divididas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=10) com base no tratamento de superfĂcie e agente de uniĂŁo: G1 - brĂĄquetes colados com resina acrĂlica; G2 - brĂĄquetes colados com resina acrĂlica e aplicação de cianoacrilato; G3 - brĂĄquetes colados com Transbond(tm) XT; G4 - brĂĄquetes colados com Transbond(tm) XT e aplicação de cianoacrilato. Foram utilizados brĂĄquetes ortodĂŽnticos de aço inoxidĂĄvel, prescrição Roth, Kirium (3M/Abzil) para incisivos centrais superiores direitos, slot 022. ApĂłs colagem, as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de cisalhamento a uma velocidade de 0,5mm/min em uma mĂĄquina de ensaios universal (EMIC DL-1000). Os dados foram coletados e submetidos Ă anĂĄlise estatĂstica pelo teste ANOVA com nĂvel de significĂąncia de 5%. A associação de resina acrĂlica ao cianoacrilato (G2) resultou na maior resistĂȘncia ao cisalhamento (13,76 MPa), mas nĂŁo significativa em comparação aos valores obtidos para a resina acrĂlica (G1= 7,76 MPa). O mesmo pĂŽde ser observado para a associação Transbond(tm) XT e cianoacrilato (G4= 4,03 MPa) em relação a utilização da Transbond(tm) XT de forma isolada (G3= 3,87 MPa) e resina acrĂlica. O tratamento de superfĂcie tem efeito significativo na resistĂȘncia da uniĂŁo dos brĂĄquetes colados aos materiais provisĂłrios. A associação de cianoacrilato ao monĂŽmero de metilmetacrilato apresentou maior resistĂȘncia ao cisalhamento, sendo mais indicada clinicamente
Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years
Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.Education and Child Studie
Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures
Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo
Development and initial testing of a new instrument to measure the experience of eczema control in adults and children: Recap of atopic eczema ( RECAP )
Background Eczema control has been identified as an important outcome by key stakeholders in eczema research (including patients, carers, healthcare professionals and researchers) but no validated instruments for the domain have been identified. Objectives To develop a measurement instrument to capture a patient's perspective of eczema control that is suitable for use in eczema clinical trials. Methods Best practice for the development of a patient-reported outcome was followed. A mixed-methods approach was used to develop and refine a conceptual framework, generate, refine and select items and to test the distribution and construct validity of the final scale. The mixed-methods approach involved expert panel meetings (including patient representatives, healthcare professionals and methodologists), and data collection using a focus group, cognitive interviews and an online survey with people with eczema and caregivers. Multivariable linear regression was used in the item selection process. Results Fourteen expert panel members co-produced the instrument, with input from people with eczema and caregivers via a focus group (n = 6), cognitive interviews (n = 13) and an online survey (n = 330). The resulting instrument, Recap of atopic eczema (RECAP), is a seven-item questionnaire that captures eczema control via self or caregiver report. The development process aimed to ensure good content validity and feasibility. Initial testing suggested no floor or ceiling effects and good construct validity. Hypothesized correlation with the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure was confirmed [r(258) = 0 center dot 83, P < 0 center dot 001]. Conclusions RECAP has the potential to improve reporting of eczema control in research and clinical practice. Further exploration of measurement properties is required. What's already known about this topic? Eczema control has been identified as an important outcome by key stakeholders in eczema research (including patients, carers, healthcare professionals and researchers). Qualitative studies suggest eczema control is a multifaceted and individual experience and no instrument has been identified that captures eczema control in this way. What does this study add? We have developed Recap of atopic eczema (RECAP), a seven-item questionnaire to capture the experience of eczema control in all ages and eczema severities; there are two versions: a self-reported version for adults and older children with eczema, and a caregiver-reported version for younger children with eczema. Designed with input from people with eczema, caregivers and healthcare professionals to ensure good content validity. Initial testing of score distributions and construct validity suggests good measurement properties