Characteristics and classification of A-type supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We address the relationship between spectral type and physical properties for A-type supergiants in the SMC. We first construct a self-consistent classification scheme for A supergiants, employing the calcium K to H epsilon line ratio as a temperature-sequence discriminant. Following the precepts of the `MK process', the same morphological criteria are applied to Galactic and SMC spectra with the understanding there may not be a correspondence in physical properties between spectral counterparts in different environments. We then discuss the temperature scale, concluding that A supergiants in the SMC are systematically cooler than their Galactic counterparts at the same spectral type, by up to ~10%. Considering the relative line strengths of H gamma and the CH G-band we extend our study to F and early G-type supergiants, for which similar effects are found. We note the implications for analyses of extragalactic luminous supergiants, for the flux-weighted gravity-luminosity relationship and for population synthesis studies in unresolved stellar systems.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures, accepted by MNRAS; minor section removed prior to final publicatio

Development of an Integrated Governance Strategy for the Voluntary and Community Sector

This report on governance provides a framework for thinking about how policy makers, funders,regulators and advisers can all work with Board members and staff to enhance the effectiveness of nonprofit organisations. It was commissioned by the Active Community Unit (ACU) of the Home Office, in parallel with other reviews designed to improve the capacity of the voluntary and community sector, at a time when the sector plays an increasingly important role in the delivery of services using public funds. That role has recently been investigated in two Government reports, the Cross Cutting Review carried out by the Treasury, and the Strategy Unit review of charities and nonprofits. Our report proposes actions of three types: some that can be taken immediately, some that require further discussion with key interests, and some integration with the other ACU reviews. Taken together they provide the starting point for an evolving strategy to improve governance across the sector. We recommend ACU chairs a group charged with the responsibility for planning and implementing this. Our focus is on governance as 'the systems and processes concerned with ensuring the overall direction, supervision and accountability of an organisation'. This is often taken to mean the way that a Board, management committee or other governing body steers the overall development of an organisation, where day-to-day management is in the hands of staff or volunteers. Sometimes, of course, the committee and volunteers are the same. They – like all governing bodies – have to balance the interests of the organisation and those they are trying to serve, while being conscious of financial and legal responsibilities, and the requirements of funders and other supporters

Surface abundances of ON stars

Massive stars burn hydrogen through the CNO cycle during most of their evolution. When mixing is efficient, or when mass transfer in binary systems happens, chemically processed material is observed at the surface of O and B stars. ON stars show stronger lines of nitrogen than morphologically normal counterparts. Whether this corresponds to the presence of material processed through the CNO cycle or not is not known. Our goal is to answer this question. We perform a spectroscopic analysis of a sample of ON stars with atmosphere models. We determine the fundamental parameters as well as the He, C, N, and O surface abundances. We also measure the projected rotational velocities. We compare the properties of the ON stars to those of normal O stars. We show that ON stars are usually helium-rich. Their CNO surface abundances are fully consistent with predictions of nucleosynthesis. ON stars are more chemically evolved and rotate - on average - faster than normal O stars. Evolutionary models including rotation cannot account for the extreme enrichment observed among ON main sequence stars. Some ON stars are members of binary systems, but others are single stars as indicated by stable radial velocities. Hence, mass transfer is not a simple explanation for the observed chemical properties. We conclude that ON stars show extreme chemical enrichment at their surface, consistent with nucleosynthesis through the CNO cycle. Its origin is not clear at present.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures (+ appendix). A&A accepte

Implementation of an interior point source in the ultra weak variational formulation through source extraction

The Ultra Weak Variational Formulation (UWVF) is a powerful numerical method for the approximation of acoustic, elastic and electromagnetic waves in the time-harmonic regime. The use of Trefftz-type basis functions incorporates the known wave-like behaviour of the solution in the discrete space, allowing large reductions in the required number of degrees of freedom for a given accuracy, when compared to standard finite element methods. However, the UWVF is not well disposed to the accurate approximation of singular sources in the interior of the computational domain. We propose an adjustment to the UWVF for seismic imaging applications, which we call the Source Extraction UWVF. Differing fields are solved for in subdomains around the source, and matched on the inter-domain boundaries. Numerical results are presented for a domain of constant wavenumber and for a domain of varying sound speed in a model used for seismic imaging

Could Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) be the new weapon in our fight against Necrotising Enterocolitis?

There is no ideal single gut tissue or inflammatory biomarker available to help to try and identify Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) before its clinical onset. Neonatologists are all too familiar with the devastating consequences of NEC, and despite many advances in neonatal care the mortality and morbidity associated with NEC remains significant. In this article we review Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as a method of measuring regional gut tissue oxygenation. We discuss its current and potential future applications, including considering its effectiveness as a possible new weapon in the early identification of NEC

Biomarkers of gut injury in neonates – where are we in predicting necrotising enterocolitis?

Despite advances in neonatal care Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) continues to have a significant mortality and morbidity rate, and with increasing survival of those more immature infants the population at risk of NEC is increasing. Ischaemia, reperfusion, and inflammation underpin diseases affecting intestinal blood flow causing gut injury including Necrotising Enterocolitis. There is increasing interest in tissue biomarkers of gut injury in neonates, particularly those representing changes in intestinal wall barrier and permeability, to determine whether these could be useful biomarkers of gut injury. This article reviews current and newly proposed markers of gut injury, the available literature evidence, recent advances and considers how effective they are in clinical practice. We discuss each biomarker in terms of its effectiveness in predicting NEC onset and diagnosis or predicting NEC severity and then those that will aid in surveillance and identifying those infants are greatest risk of developing NEC

Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are known to have worse neurodevelopmental outcomes, but there is no substantial evidence to support an underlying pathophysiology. We aimed to examine whether cerebral oxygenation differs in those infants who develop NEC compared to cerebral oxygenation in those who do not. METHODS: We examined 48 infants <30 weeks’ gestation admitted to a tertiary level NICU from October 2016 to May 2018. Infants with birth weight less than or equal to the second percentile, abnormal antenatal dopplers or twin-to-twin-transfusion-syndrome were excluded. Cerebral oximetry measurements were performed by using a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitor weekly for 60 minutes, allowing measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation index from the first week of life to 36 weeks postconceptional age. Weekly clinical status was also recorded. NEC was defined as greater than or equal to Bell stage 2. RESULTS: The median birth weight was 884 g (range of 460–1600 g), the median weeks’ gestational age was 26 + 3/7 (23 + 0/7 to 29 + 6/7), and 52% were girls. In total, 276 NIRS measurements were completed, and 7 infants developed NEC. NIRS measurements from 1 infant with NEC and 4 infants without NEC who developed hemorrhagic parenchymal infarcts were excluded from analysis. Infants who developed NEC had significantly lower cerebral tissue oxygenation index than those who did not (P = .011), even when adjusted for confounders, including gestational age, birth weight, patent ductus arteriosus, enteral feeds, sex, ethnicity, and hemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with NEC have significantly lower cerebral tissue oxygenation throughout their neonatal intensive care stay in comparison with those who did not develop NEC. This is a novel finding and could explain their worse neurodevelopmental outcome

Hercules X-1: Empirical Models of UV Emission Lines

The UV emission lines of Hercules X-1, resolved with the HST GHRS and STIS, can be divided into broad (FWHM 750 km/s) and narrow (FWHM 150 km/s) components. The broad lines can be unambiguously identified with emission from an accretion disk which rotates prograde with the orbit. The narrow lines, previously identified with the X-ray illuminated atmosphere of the companion star, are blueshifted at both phi=0.2 and phi=0.8 and the line flux at phi=0.2 is 0.2 of the flux at phi=0.8. Line ratio diagnostics show that the density of the narrow line region is log n=13.4+/-0.2 and the temperature is T=1.0+/-0.2x10^5 K. The symmetry of the eclipse ingress suggests that the line emission on the surface of the disk is left-right symmetric relative to the orbit. Model fits to the O V, Si IV, and He II line profiles agree with this result, but fits to the N V lines suggest that the receding side of the disk is brighter. We note that there are narrow absorption components in the N V lines with blueshifts of 500 km/s.Comment: To be published in the Astrophysical Journa

Social representations and the politics of participation

Recent work has called for the integration of different perspectives into the field of political psychology (Haste, 2012). This chapter suggests that one possible direction that such efforts can take is studying the role that social representations theory (SRT) can play in understanding political participation and social change. Social representations are systems of common-sense knowledge and social practice; they provide the lens through which to view and create social and political realities, mediate people's relations with these sociopolitical worlds and defend cultural and political identities. Social representations are therefore key for conceptualising participation as the activity that locates individuals and social groups in their sociopolitical world. Political participation is generally seen as conditional to membership of sociopolitical groups and therefore is often linked to citizenship. To be a citizen of a society or a member of any social group one has to participate as such. Often political participation is defined as the ability to communicate one's views to the political elite or to the political establishment (Uhlaner, 2001), or simply explicit involvement in politics and electoral processes (Milbrath, 1965). However, following scholars on ideology (Eagleton, 1991; Thompson, 1990) and social knowledge (Jovchelovitch, 2007), we extend our understanding of political participation to all social relations and also develop a more agentic model where individuals and groups construct, develop and resist their own views, ideas and beliefs. We thus adopt a broader approach to participation in comparison to other political-psychological approaches, such as personality approaches (e.g. Mondak and Halperin, 2008) and cognitive approaches or, more recently, neuropsychological approaches (Hatemi and McDermott, 2012). We move away from a focus on the individual's political behaviour and its antecedents and outline an approach that focuses on the interaction between psychological and political phenomena (Deutsch and Kinnvall, 2002) through examining the politics of social knowledge