The Possibilities of applying present-day Knowledge of Wine Aroma Components: Influence of several Juice Factors on Fermentation rate and Ester Production during Fermentation

The influence of several juice factors on fermentation and ester production was investigated to achieve a more satisfactory reproducibility of wine aroma composition. The contents of two acetates and three ethyl esters in the winewere used as the main analytical criteria. The factors which exerted the most marked influence on ester composition and fermentation were grape maturity, sugar content, fermentation temperature, and jutc'e>cfarity. The cuitivars examined exerted no noticeable differences

General aviation piston-engine exhaust emission reduction

To support the promulgation of aircraft regulations, two airports were examined, Van Nuys and Tamiami. It was determined that the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from piston-engine aircraft have a significant influence on the CO levels in the ambient air in and around airports, where workers and travelers would be exposed. Emissions standards were set up for control of emissions from aircraft piston engines manufactured after December 31, 1979. The standards selected were based on a technologically feasible and economically reasonable control of carbon monoxide. It was concluded that substantial CO reductions could be realized if the range of typical fuel-air ratios could be narrowed. Thus, improvements in fuel management were determined as reasonable controls

Tolerance in the postindustrial city: Assessing the ethnocentrism of less educated natives in 22 dutch cities

This article studies whether and why less educated natives are less ethnocentric in postindustrial Dutch cities than in industrial ones, as suggested by several theories in urban studies. A multilevel analysis of survey data collected among the native working populations (source: Cultural Change in the Netherlands Surveys 2004 and 2006) of 22 Dutch metropolitan agglomerations (sources: Statistics Netherlands Statline and Atlas of Municipalities) confirms tha

Tolerantie in de postindustriële stad

In hedendaagse westerse samenlevingen kan intolerantie jegens etnische minderheden met name worden gevonden onder laagopgeleiden. Op basis van verschillende theorieën in de stadsstudies kan echter worden verondersteld dat zij in de meest postindustriële steden minder etnocentrisch zijn dan in de minst postindustriële steden. Dit artikel vergelijkt het etnocentrisme van laagopgeleide autochtonen woonachtig in de 22 Nederlandse grootstedelijke gebieden, en toont aan dat dit inderdaad het geval is. Vervolgens wordt onderzocht of dit kan worden verklaard door de grotere arbeidsmarktkansen aldaar of het tolerantere culturele klimaat

Dromen over eeuwig leven. Vluchten voor de dood in een geseculariseerde samenleving

Inleiding. In de week na 30 oktober 2010, de dag waarop Harry Mulisch op 83-jarige leeftijd overleed, kolkten de thema’s dood en onsterfelijkheid door de Nederlandse media. Meestal was de toonzetting serieus, maar soms ook luchtiger, zoals toen Jeroen Brouwers over Mulisch’ adagium ‘Ik ben onsterfelijk tot het tegendeel bewezen is’ opmerkte dat ‘je (…) niet eleganter je middelvinger naar het universum (kunt) opsteken’. Soms was zij zelfs ronduit humoristisch, zoals in de grap volgens welke Mulisch, na door God zelf te zijn rondgeleid door de hemel, te kennen zou hebben gegeven ‘het boek toch beter te vinden’. Hoewel aandacht voor de thema’s van dood en onsterfelijkheid bij het overlijden van een van Nederlands grootste naoorlogse schrijvers natuurlijk op zichzelf niet opzienbarend is, illustreert zij hoezeer deze thema’s de ingrijpende processen van ontkerkelijking van de afgelopen halve eeuw hebben overleefd...

Factors affecting the reproducibility of fermentation of grape juice and of the aroma composition of wines 1. Grape maturity, sugar, inoculum concentration, aeration, juice turbidity and ergosterol

Gas chromatographic analysis was used for the investigation of some factors which determine the production of volatile wine components during fermentation. Especially the effect of "heterogenous" juice factors such as turbidity and air content were investigated in respect of fermentation rate and the production of fatty acids, fusel alcohols and esters. lt was shown that the fermentation lag of clear filtered and de-aerated grape juices could be prevented by small ergosterol additions before inoculation. A marked similarity was observed in the chromatograms of wines from fermentations of clear juices which were stimulated either by air or by ergosterol. Grape maturity proved to be a major factor affecting the production of volatile acids, alcohols and esters during fermentation. Fermentations of de-aerated and clear filtered juice with an addition of 0.5 g bentonite/l yielded wines with the best scores an sensory evaluation.Maßgebliche Faktoren für die Reproduzierbarkeit der Vergärung von Traubenmostund die Aromazusammensetzung von WeinI. Traubenreife, Zucker, Konzentration des lnokulums, Luft, Klarheit des Mostesund ErgosterinEinige Faktoren, welche die Bildung flüchtiger Weininhaltsstoffe bei der Gärung beeinflussen, wurden gaschromatographisch untersucht. Besonders die Wirkung „heterogener" Faktoren im Traubenmost, wie zum Beispiel Trübung und Luftgehalt, auf die Gärungsgeschwindigkeit und die Bildung von Fettsäuren, Fuselalkoholen und Estern wurde untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Gärungsverzögerung bei klarfiltrierten und entlüfteten Traubensäften durch die Zufügung kleiner Mengen von Ergosterin vor der Inokulation verhindert werden kann. Wurde die Gärung von geklärtem Most durch Luft oder durch Ergosterin angeregt, so zeigten die Chromatogramme der Weine eine starke Ähnlichkeit. Die Traubenreife erwies sich als der wichtigste Faktor, der die Bildung von flüchtigen Säuren, Alkoholen und Estern bei der Gärung beeinflußt. Die Vergärung von entlüftetem und klarfiltriertem Most mit Zusatz von 0,5 g Bentonit/l ergab Weine, die bei der Weinprobe die höchsten Punktezahlen erhielten

Klasse is niet dood - Zij is levend begraven. Klassengebonden stemgedrag en cultureel stemgedrag in westerse samenlevingen (1956-1990)

By means of a re-analysis of the most relevant data source – the International Social Mobility and Politics File – this paper criticizes the newly grown consensus in political sociology that class voting has declined since World War II. An increase in cros

Effect-Directed Analysis of Municipal Landfill Soil Reveals Novel Developmental Toxicants in the Zebrafish Danio rerio

Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is an approach used to identify (unknown) contaminants in complex samples which cause toxicity, using a combination of biology and chemistry. The goal of this work was to apply EDA to identify developmental toxicants in soil samples collected from a former municipal landfill site. Soil samples were extracted, fractionated, and tested for developmental effects with an embryotoxicity assay in the zebrafish Danio rerio. Gas chromatograph mass selective detection (GC-MSD) chemical screening was used to reveal candidate developmental toxicants in fractions showing effects. In a parallel study, liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap Orbitrap mass spectrometry was also applied to one polar subfraction (Hoogenboom et al. J. Chromatogr. A2009, 1216, 510-519). EDA resulted in the identification of a number of previously unknown developmental toxicants, which were confirmed to be present in soil by GC-MS. These included 11H-benzo[b]fluorene, 9-methylacridine, 4-azapyrene, and 2-phenylquinoline, as well as one known developmental toxicant (retene). This work revealed the presence of novel contaminants in the environment that may affect vertebrate development, which are not subject to monitoring or regulation under current soil quality assessment guidelines. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Resurrecting Class

By means of a re-analysis of the most relevant data source - the international social mobility and politics file - this paper criticizes the newly grown consensus in political sociology that class voting has declined since World War II. An increase of crosscutting cultural voting, rooted in educational differences