Does The Financing Decision Help To Understand Market Reaction Around Mergers And Acquisitions?

Few studies distinguish between the method of payment and the means of financing in mergers and acquisitions. This paper aims to test if the financing means has incremental information beyond that contained in the payment means. To answer this question, we consider a sample of 265 deals undertaken by French listed acquires between January 1997 and December 2008. We decompose our sample according to the method of payment (cash, stock or mixed payment). The difference of means test shows that the impact of the three methods of payment is not statistically significant. In order to take the analysis further, we then broke our sample down according to both the method of payment and the means of financing (debt, equity or internal funds). The difference of means test, the event study methodology and OLS regressions reveal that takeovers financed by debt outperform those financed by other means of financing. These findings confirm the monitoring role of debt and support the pecking order preferences. Finally, our OLS regressions highlight that market reaction depends also on legal environment (common law vs. non common law) on acquisition characteristics such as deal size and on acquirer specific factors such as size and growth opportunities

COST EFFICIENCY OF FRENCH COMMERCIAL BANKS: DOMESTIC VERSUS FOREIGN BANKS

ABSTARCT (Berger et al. 2000) . This suggests the decision to practice retail banking activities by domestic banks implies high fixed costs

On the linkage of oil prices and oil uncertainty with US equities: a combination analysis based on the wavelet approach and quantile-on-quantile regression

This paper aims to investigate the dynamic and asymmetric linkage between crude oil, oil uncertainty, and the United States (US) equity markets across various horizons and tails using a combination of a time-frequency approach, Granger causality, and quantile-on-quantile regression from January 2020 to December 2022. The empirical results indicate that causal relationships and the dynamic co-movement between crude oil, oil implied volatility, and the Dow Jones industrial and transportation indices are confirmed across various frequencies through wavelet-based Granger causality and wavelet coherence. Then, the wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile regression shows that the relationship between oil, oil implied volatility, and both US equity markets is heterogeneous and asymmetric across short- and long-run horizons, in particular. The findings provide new insights into the sensitivity of US stock markets to oil shocks across various time frequencies and tails, offering several portfolio implications useful for heterogeneous investors and portfolio managers

Short term wealth creation sustainability of French acquirers of unlisted versus listed firms

We study the listing target status impact on the announcement period of French acquirers, and we examine the sustainability of short term wealth creation in the long term. Unlisted-target acquisitions are wealth creating relative to listed-target acquisitions. Besides, in the long-term, acquirers of unlisted targets outperform acquirers of listed targets and realize superior abnormal stock returns. Acquirers of unlisted targets realize superior changes in post-acquisition operating performance, particularly for a low relative deal size ratio. Announcement period abnormal returns are positively related to post-acquisition operating performance. Therefore, shortterm gains are sustainable on the long-term and the market can predict change in operating performance

Family Firms and the Choice of Payment Method in Domestic and International Acquisitions

International audienceThis paper investigates the impact of family control on domestic and international acquisition's payment. This effect is important to understand since it will underpin all the future financial flexibility of the merged firms in a context of accelerating international market integration. We find that the percentage of cash payment in acquisitions is positively associated with family voting rights, but we highlight that family wedge is negatively associated with cash payment, which indicates the important role of control-enhancing mechanisms. Dilution risk is crucial at an intermediate level of control, since this relationship is nonlinear. Moreover, we show that both unused debt capacity and the increase in debt capacity are used by family firms to finance the relevant deals, but that these firms become overleveraged after merging, losing some financial flexibility in exchange for equity control purposes.On étudie l'impact d'un contrôle de type familial sur les moyens de paiement choisis lors d'acquisitions réalisées au niveau domestique et international. Cette décision sous-tend le niveau de flexibilité financière dont disposera ultérieurement la firme. Nos résultats montrent que le pourcentage du paiement réalisé à l'aide de liquidités augmente avec le niveau des droits de vote possédés par la famille, mais que la possession d'un "wedge" a l'effet inverse. Le risque de dilution joue un rôle crucial à des niveaux intermédiaires de contrôle. Enfin, les firmes familiales utilisent leur capacité d'endettement disponible pour financer ces opérations, mais deviennent surendettées après

Some results about acquisitions during the recent merger waves: 1997-2006

communication à séminaire de recherche de lESA Lille "Event Studies in corporate Finance"We investigate the long term performance of mergers and acquisitions undertaken by French firms. Using firms matched on industry, performance and size as a benchmark, we find that operating performance improves following acquisitions both with change and intercept models. We analyze the determinants of post-acquisition performance and we find that the mean of payment, the acquirer size and the acquisition technique have a significant impact on post-acquisition performance. The results indicate that acquisitions paid with cash are more profitable than acquisitions paid with stocks. That bigger is the acquirer lower is the change in operating performance. And that negotiated acquisitions are more profitable than tender offers. We also analyze the relation between long-term operating performance and market reaction around the announcement. We find no statistically significant relation between market prediction and change in operating performance

Risk spillover during the COVID-19 global pandemic and portfolio management

This paper aims to examine the volatility spillover, diversification benefits, and hedge ratios between U.S. stock markets and different financial variables and commodities during the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 crisis, using daily data and multivariate GARCH models. Our results indicate that the risk spillover has reached the highest level during the COVID-19 period, compared to the pre-COVID period, which means that the COVID-19 pandemic enforced the risk spillover between U.S. stock markets and the remains assets. We confirm the economic benefit of diversification in both tranquil and crisis periods (e.g., a negative dynamic conditional correlation between the VIX and SP500). Moreover, the hedging analysis exhibits that the Dow Jones Islamic has the highest hedging effectiveness either before or during the recent COVID19 crisis, offering better resistance to uncertainty caused by unpredictable turmoil such as the COVID19 outbreak. Our finding may have some implications for portfolio managers and investors to reduce their exposure to the risk in their portfolio construction