Note and Comment

Safeguarding the Criminal Defendant - Every now and then a new attack is made somewhere in the United States upon the rule prohibiting comment before the jury upon the fact that the defendant in a criminal case has not testified as a witness in his own behalf. At the present time an effort of this kind is being made in the Michigan legislature, and the introduction of the bill drew quite a little storm of protest from the State press as a dangerous inroad upon our ancient guarantees of personal liberty and security. In fact, however, it directly touches nothing more ancient than a statutory privilege which dates from the year i86i. By the Public Acts of that year the disability of parties to actions to testify as witnesses in this State was removed, but it was expressly provided that defendants in criminal cases could not be compelled to testify, but might do so or not at their own pleasure. (Act No. 125, §2). In 1881 an amendment to this statute was passed providing, as to the defendant in a criminal case, that his neglect to testify shall not create any presumption against him, nor shall the court permit any reference or comment to be made to or upon such neglect. (Pub. Acts, 188I, No. 245). And this is the form it retains in the Judicature Act. (Ch. 17, §64)

Note and Comment

Safeguarding the Criminal Defendant - Every now and then a new attack is made somewhere in the United States upon the rule prohibiting comment before the jury upon the fact that the defendant in a criminal case has not testified as a witness in his own behalf. At the present time an effort of this kind is being made in the Michigan legislature, and the introduction of the bill drew quite a little storm of protest from the State press as a dangerous inroad upon our ancient guarantees of personal liberty and security. In fact, however, it directly touches nothing more ancient than a statutory privilege which dates from the year i86i. By the Public Acts of that year the disability of parties to actions to testify as witnesses in this State was removed, but it was expressly provided that defendants in criminal cases could not be compelled to testify, but might do so or not at their own pleasure. (Act No. 125, §2). In 1881 an amendment to this statute was passed providing, as to the defendant in a criminal case, that his neglect to testify shall not create any presumption against him, nor shall the court permit any reference or comment to be made to or upon such neglect. (Pub. Acts, 188I, No. 245). And this is the form it retains in the Judicature Act. (Ch. 17, §64)

Guidelines for cell-type heterogeneity quantification based on a comparative analysis of reference-free DNA methylation deconvolution software

International audienc

Agricultural Research Bulletins, Nos. 321-345

Volume 27, Bulletins 321-345. (321) Proper Size and Location of Corn Stabilization Stocks; (322) Some Farm Family Gardens Pay in Dollars; (323) Cost, Distribution and Utilization of Farm Machinery in Iowa; (324) Adjusting Crop Acreages for War Production to the Soil Resources of Iowa; (325) Bacteriology of Cheese: VII. Calcium and Phosphorus Contents of Various Cheeses, Including Relationship to Bacterial Action in the Manufacturing Procedures; (326) Nutritive Value of Corn Oil Meal and Feather Protein; (327) General Agriculture in the High Schools of Iowa; (328) Classification of the Organisms Important in Dairy Products: IV. Bacterium linens; (329) Statistical Investigations of Farm Sample Surveys Taken in Iowa, Florida and California; (330) Coordination of Wheat and Corn Price Controls; (331) Vegetative Development of Inbred and Hybrid Maize; (332) Soil-Inhabiting Fungi Attacking the Roots of Maize; (333) Design and Statistical Analysis of Some Confounded Factorial Experiments; (334) Testing the Quality of Seeds for Farm and Garden; (335) Teacher Supply and Demand in Home Economics in Iowa, 1935-1941; (336) Effect of Various Adjuvants to the Diet of Rats on the Changes in Body Fats Induced by Feeding Soybean Oil; (337) Materials-Balance Method for Determining Losses of Butterfat in the Creamery; (338) Epiphytology and Control of Sugar Beet Leaf Spot Caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc.; (339) Bacteriology of Butter: VIII. (IX). Salt Distribution in Butter and its Effect on Bacterial Growth; (340) Further Experiments with the Iowa Air Blast Seed Separator for the Analysis of Small-Seeded Grasses; (341) Pre-Harvest Sampling of Soybeans for Yield and Quality; (342) Retting of Hemp: I. Field Retting of Hemp in Iowa; (343) Retting of Hemp: II. Controlled Retting of Hemp; (344) Retting of Hemp: III. Biochemical Changes Accompanying Retting of Hemp; (345) Germinability of Treated and Untreated Lots of Vegetable Seed in Pythium-Infested Soil and in the Field</p

DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There has been a long-standing need in biomedical research for a method that quantifies the normally mixed composition of leukocytes beyond what is possible by simple histological or flow cytometric assessments. The latter is restricted by the labile nature of protein epitopes, requirements for cell processing, and timely cell analysis. In a diverse array of diseases and following numerous immune-toxic exposures, leukocyte composition will critically inform the underlying immuno-biology to most chronic medical conditions. Emerging research demonstrates that DNA methylation is responsible for cellular differentiation, and when measured in whole peripheral blood, serves to distinguish cancer cases from controls.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we present a method, similar to regression calibration, for inferring changes in the distribution of white blood cells between different subpopulations (e.g. cases and controls) using DNA methylation signatures, in combination with a previously obtained external validation set consisting of signatures from purified leukocyte samples. We validate the fundamental idea in a cell mixture reconstruction experiment, then demonstrate our method on DNA methylation data sets from several studies, including data from a Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) study and an ovarian cancer study. Our method produces results consistent with prior biological findings, thereby validating the approach.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our method, in combination with an appropriate external validation set, promises new opportunities for large-scale immunological studies of both disease states and noxious exposures.</p