99 research outputs found
From Producer Innovation to User and Open Collaborative Innovation
In this paper we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important alternative models: innovations by single user individuals or firms, and
open collaborative innovation. We analyze the design costs and architectures and
communication costs associated with each model. We conclude that both innovation by
individual users and open collaborative innovation increasingly compete with and may
displace producer innovation in many parts of the economy. We explain why this represents a paradigm shift with respect to innovation research, policymaking, and practice. We discuss
important implications and offer suggestions for further research
Product Complements and Substitutes in the Real World: The Relevance of “Other Products”
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Elevated protein concentrations in newborn blood and the risks of autism spectrum disorder, and of social impairment, at age 10 years among infants born before the 28th week of gestation
Among the 1 of 10 children who are born preterm annually in the United States, 6% are born before the third trimester. Among children who survive birth before the 28th week of gestation, the risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and non-autistic social impairment are severalfold higher than in the general population. We examined the relationship between top quartile inflammation-related protein concentrations among children born extremely preterm and ASD or, separately, a high score on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS total score ≥65) among those who did not meet ASD criteria, using information only from the subset of children whose DAS-II verbal or non-verbal IQ was ≥70, who were assessed for ASD, and who had proteins measured in blood collected on ≥2 days (N = 763). ASD (N = 36) assessed at age 10 years is associated with recurrent top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins during the first post-natal month (e.g., SAA odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5; 1.2–5.3) and IL-6 (OR; 95% CI: 2.6; 1.03–6.4)). Top quartile concentrations of neurotrophic proteins appear to moderate the increased risk of ASD associated with repeated top quartile concentrations of inflammation-related proteins. High (top quartile) concentrations of SAA are associated with elevated risk of ASD (2.8; 1.2–6.7) when Ang-1 concentrations are below the top quartile, but not when Ang-1 concentrations are high (1.3; 0.3–5.8). Similarly, high concentrations of TNF-α are associated with heightened risk of SRS-defined social impairment (N = 130) (2.0; 1.1–3.8) when ANG-1 concentrations are not high, but not when ANG-1 concentrations are elevated (0.5; 0.1–4.2)
Stereochemical consequences of dynamic gearing in substituted bi(9-triptycyl)methanes and related molecules
Stereochemical consequences of dynamic gearing in substituted bis(9-triptycyl) methanes and related molecules
Use of Historical Events and Personalities To Facilitate the Incorporation of Polymeric Materials into the Beginning Organic Chemistry Course
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